Medical Terminology Ch. 11, 12 & 13

Front 1

andro

Back 1

male

Front 2

dips

Back 2

thirst

Front 3

supraneal glands

Back 3

medulla secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine

Front 4

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 4

regulates calcium & phosphorus metabolism

Front 5

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 5

causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes

Front 6

prolactin
(lactogenic hormone)

Back 6

stimulates breast development & milk production during pregnancy

Front 7

oxytocin

Back 7

influences uterine contraction

Front 8

thymosin

Back 8

regulates immune response

Front 9

exophthalmo(u)s

Back 9

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often b/c of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

Front 10

hirutism

Back 10

shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusually places (e.g. a women w/ a beard)

Front 11

kalium (kalemia)

Back 11

potassium

Front 12

natrmia

Back 12

sodium ions

Front 13

keto

Back 13

keto=alter, abnormal carbohydrates like diabetes/starve

Front 14

polydipsia

Back 14

excessive thirst

Front 15

polyuria

Back 15

excessive urination

Front 16

Cushing syndrome

Back 16

b/c excessive level of cortisol hormone, excessive production by adrenal gland(tumor), upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin & easily bruised skin w/ stria (stretch marks), hypertension & osteoporosis

Front 17

adrenal virilism

Back 17

excessive output of androgen (male sex hormone) in women b/c tumor, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism & deep voice
(virilis = masculine)

Front 18

pituitary gland

Back 18

master gland, secretes hormones that regulate function of other glands

Front 19

acromegaly

Back 19

disease, enlarged features (face/hands) b/c hypersecretion of pituitary hormone after puberty

Front 20

diabetes insipidus

Back 20

abnormal increase in urine output b/c inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), urine colorless b/c kidneys can't concentrate urine
(insipid = w/o taste)

Front 21

goiter

Back 21

enlargement of thyroid gland b/c thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in diet or inflammation
(goiter = throat)

Front 22

other names for Hyperthyroidism

Back 22

Graves disease
or
thyrotoxicosis

Front 23

myxedema

Back 23

advanced hypothyroidism in adults. sliggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands & face, dry skin (myx = mucous)

Front 24

cretinism

Back 24

congenital hypothyroidism in children that results lack mental development & dwarfed physical stature; thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Front 25

postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

Back 25

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours

Front 26

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Back 26

measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbs by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood & urine for glucose levels every hour-usually for 4-6 hours

Front 27

hypophysectomy

Back 27

excision of pituitary gland

Front 28

thymectomy

Back 28

excision of thymus gland

Front 29

thyroidectomy

Back 29

excision of thyroid gland

Front 30

hypoglycemic antihyperglycemic

Back 30

drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g. insulin)

Front 31

blephar

Back 31

eyelid

Front 32

cycl

Back 32

ciliary body (circle)

Front 33

dacry

Back 33

tear

Front 34

ocul
ophtalm
opt

Back 34

eye

Front 35

phac
phak

Back 35

lens (lentil)

Front 36

presby

Back 36

old age

Front 37

vitre

Back 37

glassy

Front 38

-opia

Back 38

condtion of vision

Front 39

anterior chamber

Back 39

fluid-filled space b/w cornea & iris

Front 40

canal of Schlemm

Back 40

duct in anterior chamber, carries filtered aqueous humor to veins 7 bloodstream

Front 41

choroid

Back 41

vascular layer beneath sclera provides nourishment to outer portion of retina

Front 42

ciliary body

Back 42

ring of muscle behind peripheral iris that controls the power of the lens

Front 43

cornea

Back 43

transparent, anterior part of eyeball covering the iris, pupil, & anterior chamber that functions to refract (bend) light to focus a visual image

Front 44

other name for eyelid

Back 44

palpebra

Front 45

fundus (base)

Back 45

interior surface of the eyeball including the retina, optic disk, macula, & posterior pole (curvature @ back of eye)

Front 46

glands of Zeis

Back 46

oil glands surrounding the eyelashes

Front 47

meibomian glands

Back 47

oil glands located along the rim of the eyelids

Front 48

macula lutea (macula)

Back 48

central region of the retina responsible for central vision; yellow pigment provides its color
(lutea = yellow)

Front 49

posterior chamber

Back 49

space b/w the back of the iris & the front of the vitreous filled w/ aqueous fluid

Front 50

retina

Back 50

innermost layer that perceives & transmits light to the optic nerve

Front 51

cones

Back 51

cone-shaped cells within the retina that are color sensitive & respond to bright light

Front 52

rods

Back 52

rod-shaped cells within the retina that respond to dim light

Front 53

trabecular meshwork

Back 53

mesh-like structure in the anterior chamber that filters the aqueous humor as it flows into the canal of Schlemm

Front 54

asthenopia

Back 54

eyestrain
(asthenia = weak condition)

Front 55

blepharospasm

Back 55

involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the eye, causing uncontrolled blinking & lid squeezing

Front 56

diplopia

Back 56

double vision

Front 57

nystagmus

Back 57

involuntary, rapid oscillating movement of the eyeball
(nystagmos = a nodding)

Front 58

photophobia

Back 58

extreme sensitivity to/discomfort from light

Front 59

scotoma

Back 59

blind spot in vision
(skotos = darkness)

Front 60

astigmatism

Back 60

distorted vision caused by an oblong or cylindrical curvature of the lens or cornea that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina
(stigma = point)

Front 61

hyperopia

Back 61

farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays extend beyond the proper focus on the retina

Front 62

myopia

Back 62

nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays fall short of the proper focus on the retina

Front 63

presbyopia

Back 63

impaired vision owing to old-age loss of accommodation

Front 64

accommodation

Back 64

ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects

Front 65

ambylopia

Back 65

decreased vision in early life due to a functional defect that can occur as a result of strabismus, refractive errors (when one eye is more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic than the other), or trauma; usually occurs in one eye, AKA lazy eye
(ambyl = dim)

Front 66

aphakia

Back 66

absence of the lens, usually after cataract extraction

Front 67

blepharitis

Back 67

inflammation of the eyelid

Front 68

blepharochalasis
or
dermatochalasis

Back 68

to hang down over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open
(chalasis = a slackening)

Front 69

blepharoptosis
or
ptosis

Back 69

dropping of the eyelid usually caused by paralysis

Front 70

chalazion

Back 70

chronic nodular inflammation of a meibomia gland, usually the result of a blocked duct; commonly presents as a swelling on the upper or lower eyelid (chalaza = hailstone)

Front 71

cataract

Back 71

opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision

Front 72

dacryoadenitis

Back 72

inflammation of the lacrimal gland

Front 73

dacryocystitis

Back 73

inflammation of the tear sac
(cyst = sac)

Front 74

diabetic retinopathy

Back 74

disease of the retina in diabetics- capillary leakage, bleeding & new vessel formation --> scarring & loss of vision

Front 75

ectropion

Back 75

outward turning of the rim of the eyelid
(trop = turning)

Front 76

entropion

Back 76

inward turning of the rim of the eyelid

Front 77

epiphora

Back 77

abnormal overflow of tears caused by blockage of the lacrimal duct (epi = upon; phor = to carry or bear)

Front 78

glaucoma

Back 78

group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision

Front 79

hordeolum

Back 79

sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid (hordeum = barley)

Front 80

keratitis

Back 80

inflammation of the cornea

Front 81

macular degeneration

Back 81

breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision

Front 82

pseudophakia

Back 82

eye in which the natural lens is replaced w/ an artificial lens implant

Front 83

pterygium

Back 83

fibrous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea

Front 84

retinal detachment

Back 84

separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium, disrupting vision & resulting in blindness if not repaired surgically

Front 85

strabismus

Back 85

crossed eyes; a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance
(strabismus = a squinting; hetero = other)

Front 86

esotropia

Back 86

RT or LT eye deviates inward toward the nose
(eso = inward; tropo =toward)

Front 87

exotropia

Back 87

RT or LT eye deviates outward away from the nose (exo = out; tropo = turning)

Front 88

trichiasis

Back 88

misdirected eyelashes that run on the conjunctiva or cornea

Front 89

distance visual acuity

Back 89

measure of the ability to see the details & shape of identifiable objects from a specified distance (usually 20 feet) typically using a Snellen chart

Front 90

fluorescein angiography

Back 90

visualization and photography of retinal & chorodial vessels made as fluoresein dye, which is injected into a vein, circulates through the eye

Front 91

refraction

Back 91

measurement of refractive errors using a phoropter to determine best corrected vision & prescription for eye glasses or contact lenses

Front 92

phoropter

Back 92

instrument that holds corrective lenses in front of the eye to determine optical correction

Front 93

slit-lamp biomicroscopy

Back 93

use of a tabletop microscope to examine the eye, especially the cornea, lens, fluids, & membranes

Front 94

tonometry

Back 94

use of a tonometer to measure intraocular pressure, which is elevated in glaucoma

Front 95

blepharoplasty

Back 95

surgical repair of an eyelid

Front 96

cataract extraction

Back 96

excision of a cloudy lens from the eye

Front 97

cryoretinopexy
or
cyropexy

Back 97

use of intense cold to seal a hole or tear in the retina; used to treat retinal detachment

Front 98

dacryocystectomy

Back 98

excision of a lacrimal sac

Front 99

enucleation

Back 99

excision of an eyeball

Front 100

iridectomy

Back 100

excision of a portion of iris tissue

Front 101

iridotomy

Back 101

incision into the iris (usually w/ a laser) to allow for drainage of aqueous humor from the posterior to anterior chamber; used to treat a type of glaucoma

Front 102

keratoplasty

Back 102

corneal transplant; replacement of a diseased or scarred cornea w/ a healthy one from a matched donor

Front 103

laser surgery

Back 103

use of a laser to make incisions or destroy tissues
(e.g. to create fluid passages, to obliterate tumors or aneurysms)

Front 104

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

Back 104

technique using the excimer laser to reshape the surface of the cornea to correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia & astigmatism
(smileusis = carving)

Front 105

intraocular lens (IOL) implant

Back 105

implantation of an artificial lens to replace a defective natural lens (e.g. after cataract extraction)

Front 106

phacoemulsification

Back 106

use of ultrasound to shatter & break up a cataract w/ aspiration & removal

Front 107

scleral buckling

Back 107

surgery to treat retinal detachment by placing a band of silicone around the sclera to cinch it toward the middle of the eye & relieve pull on the retina - often combined w/ other techniques to seal retinal tears such as cryroretinopexy

Front 108

trabeculectomy

Back 108

removal of a portion of the trabecular meshwork to increase the flow of aqueous humor from the eye; used in treatment of acute glaucoma or glaucoma not treatable w/ medication

Front 109

eye instillation

Back 109

introduction of a medicated solution in the eye

Front 110

antibiotic ophthalimic solution

Back 110

antimicrobial agent in solution, used to treat bacterial infections
(e.g. conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers)

Front 111

cycloplegic

Back 111

agent that paralyzes the ciliary muscle & powers of accommodation; commonly used in pediatric eye examinations

Front 112

mydriatic

Back 112

agent that causes dilation of the pupil

Front 113

miotic

Back 113

agent that causes the pupil to contract
(mio = less)

Front 114

pinna

Back 114

auricle (little ear); projected part of the external ear (pinna = feather)

Front 115

external auditory meatus (canal)

Back 115

external passage for sounds collected from the pinna to the tympanum (meat = opening)

Front 116

cerumen

Back 116

waxy substance secreted by glands located throughout the external canal

Front 117

tympanic membrane (TM)

Back 117

eardrum; drum-like structure that receives sound collected in the external auditory meatus (canal) & amplifies it through the middle ear

Front 118

malleus

Back 118

hammer; 1st of 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 119

incus

Back 119

anvil; middle of the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 120

stapes

Back 120

stirrup; last of the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 121

eustachian tube
or
auditory tube

Back 121

tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx (throat)

Front 122

mastoid process

Back 122

projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear containing air cells that connect to the middle ear
(masto = breast)

Front 123

oval window

Back 123

membrane that covers the opening between the middle ear & inner ear

Front 124

inner ear

Back 124

structures & liquids that relay sound waves to the auditory nerve fibers on a path to the brain for interpretation of sound

Front 125

labyrinth

Back 125

maze; inner ear consisting of bony & membranous labyrinths

Front 126

cochlea

Back 126

coiled tubular structure of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti
(cochlea = snail)

Front 127

perilymph

Back 127

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the ear

Front 128

endolymph

Back 128

fluid w/n the cochlear duct of the inner ear (labyrinth)

Front 129

organ of Corti

Back 129

organ located in the cochlea that contains receptors (hair cells) that receive vibrations & generate nerve impulses for hearing

Front 130

vestibule

Back 130

middle part of the inner ear in front of the semicircular canals & behind the cochlea that contains the utricle & saccule

Front 131

utricle

Back 131

larger of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear
(uter = leather bag)

Front 132

saccule

Back 132

smaller of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear
(sacculus = small bag)

Front 133

semicircular canals

Back 133

3 canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement

Front 134

otalgia
or
otodynia

Back 134

earache

Front 135

otorrhagia

Back 135

bleeding from the ear

Front 136

otorrhea

Back 136

purulent drainage from the ear

Front 137

tinnitus

Back 137

a jingling; ringing or buzzing in the ear

Front 138

vertigo

Back 138

a turning round; dizziness

Front 139

otitis externa

Back 139

inflammation of the external auditory meatus (canal)

Front 140

cerumen impaction

Back 140

excessive buildup of wax in the ear

Front 141

myringitis
or
tympanitis

Back 141

inflammation of the eardrum

Front 142

otitis media

Back 142

inflammation of the middle ear

Front 143

aerotitis media

Back 143

inflammation of the middle ear from changes in atmospheric pressure; often occurs in frequent air travel

Front 144

otosclerosis

Back 144

hardening of the bony tissue in the ear

Front 145

mastoiditis

Back 145

inflammation of the mastoid process; most commonly seen as a result of the spread of inflammation & infection in otitis media

Front 146

eustachian obstruction

Back 146

blockage of the eustachian tube usually as a result of infection, as in otitis media

Front 147

acoustic neuroma

Back 147

benign tumor on the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve) that causes vertigo, tinnitus & hearing loss

Front 148

aplasia

Back 148

condition of absence or malformation of inner ear structures during embryonic development, resulting in hearing loss

Front 149

labyrinthitis

Back 149

inflammation of the labyrinth

Front 150

Meniere disease

Back 150

disorder of the inner ear due to an excessive buildup of endolymphatic fluid causing episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting & hearing loss; one or both ears can be affected & attacks vary in frequency & intensity

Front 151

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 151

hearing impairment caused by lesions or dysfunction of the cochlea or auditory nerve

Front 152

conductive hearing loss

Back 152

hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear or ossicles

Front 153

presbyacusis

Back 153

hearing impairment in old age

Front 154

auditory acuity testing

Back 154

physical assessment of hearing; useful in differentiating b/w conductive & sensorineural hearing loss

Front 155

tuning fork

Back 155

two-pringed, for-like instrument that vibrates when struck: used to test for hearing, especially bone conduction

Front 156

brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP)

Back 156

electrodiagnostic testing using computerized equipment to measure involuntary responses to sound within the auditory nervous system-commonly used to assess hearing in newborns

Front 157

otoscopy

Back 157

use of an otoscope to examine the external auditory meatus (canal)

Front 158

pneumatic otoscopy

Back 158

otoscopic observation of the tympanic membrane as air is released into the external auditory meatus (canal); immobility indicates the presence of middle ear effusion (fluid buildup) as occurs as a result of otitis media

Front 159

tympanometry

Back 159

measurement of the compliance & mobility (conductibility) of the tympatic membrane & ossicles of the middle ear by monitoring the response after exposure to external airflow pressures

Front 160

myringotomy
or
tympanostomy

Back 160

incision into the eardrum, most often for insertion of a small metal or plastic tube to keep the meatus (canal) open, avoiding fluid buildup(effusion) as that which occurs as a result of otitis media

Front 161

stapedectomy

Back 161

excision of the stapes to correct otosclerosis

Front 162

tympanoplasty

Back 162

vein graft of a scarred tympanic membrane to improve sound conduction

Front 163

auditory prosthesis

Back 163

any internal or external device that improves or substitutes for natural hearing

Front 164

hearing aid

Back 164

external amplifying device designed to improve hearing by more effective collection of sound into the ear

Front 165

cochlear implant

Back 165

electronic device implanted in the cochlea that provides sound perception to patients with severe or profound sensorineural (nerve) hearing loss in both ears

Front 166

ear lavage

Back 166

irrigation of the external ear canal, commonly done to remove excessive buildup of cerumen

Front 167

ear instillation

Back 167

introduction of a medicated solution into the external canal

Front 168

antibiotic

Back 168

drug that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms; used to treat diseases caused by bacteria