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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origins of medical language:
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Greek and Latin: Terms built from Greek and Latin word parts such as arthritis.
Eponyms: Terms derived from the name of a person, often a physician or scientist who was the first to identify a condition or technique such as Parkinson Disease. Acronyms: Terms formed from the first letters of the words in a phrase such as laser A(Alight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Modern language: Terms derived from the English language, such as nuclear medicine scanner. |
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Four word parts:
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Word root: Core of the word; contains the fundamental meaning of the word.
Suffix: used to modify the meaning of a word. Found at the end of the word. Most medical terms have a suffix. Prefix: Can be used to modify the meaning of a word. Many medical terms do NOT have a prefix. Combining vowel: a word part, used to ease pronounciation, usually an O. The combining vowel is placed to connect two word roots; placed to connect a word root and a suffix, but NOT placed to connect a prefix and a word root. |
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Word Part List Chapter 1:
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Word roots
arthr...joint hepat...liver ven...vein oste...bone Prefixes intra-...within sub-...under Suffixes -itis...inflammation -ic...pertaining to -ous...pertaining to -pathy...disease -megaly...enlargement Combining vowel O |
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Definitions and diagraming
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arthritis: inflammation of a joint. arthr/itis
hepatitis: inflammation of a liver. hepat/itis subhepatic: pertaining to under the liver. sub/hepat/ic intravenous: pertaining to within the vein. intra/ven/ous arthropathy: disease of the joint. arthr/o/pathy osteitis: inflammation of the bone. oste/itis hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver. hepat/o/megaly Exception to the "start with the suffix" when defining a medical term rule is, melan/oma, black tumor. |
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Organization of the body:
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Cell: basic unit of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, which vary in size and shape according to function.
Cell membrane: forms the boundary of the cell. Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid inside the cell. Nucleus: Largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell. Chromosomes: located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23. Genes: regions within the chromosomes. Each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): comprises each gene; is a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell. Tissue: group of similar cells that performs a specific task. Muscle Tissue: composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement. Nervous tissue: found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. It is responsible for coordinating body activities. Connective tissue: Connects, supports, penetrates, and encases varius body structures. Adipose (fat), osseous (bone) tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue. Epithelial tissue: The major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands. Organ: two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functions. For example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. System: Group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. For ex: the cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products. |
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Body cavities:
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Cranial cavity: Space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain.
Spinal cavity: Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord. Thoracic, or chest, cavity: Space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea and bronchi. Abdominal cavity: Space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and ureters. Pelvic cavity: Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the large intestine and the rectum. Abdominopelvic cavity: Both the pelvic and abdominal cavities. |
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Combining forms of body structure:
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aden/o...gland
cyt/o...cell epithelio/o...epithelium fibr/o...fiber hist/o...tissue kary/o...nucleus lip/o...fat my/o...muscle neur/o...nerve organ/o...organ sarc/o...flesh, connective tissue system/o...system viscer/o...internal organs |
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Combining forms commonly used with body structure terms:
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cancer/o, carcin/o...cancer (a disease characterized by the unregulated, abnormal growth of new cells)
eti/o...cause (of disease) gno/o...knowledge iatr/o...physician, medicine (also means treatment) lei/o...smooth onc/o...tumor, mass path/o...disease rhabd/o...rod-shaped, striated somat/o...body |
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Combining forms that describe color:
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chlor/o...green
chrom/o...color cyan/o...blue erythr/o...red leuk/o...white melan/o...black xanth/o...yellow |
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Prefixes:
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dia-...through, complete
dys-...abnormal,painful, difficult, labored hyper-...above, excessive hypo-...below, incomplete, deficient meta-...after, beyond, change neo-...new pro-...before |
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Suffixes:
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-al,-ic, -ous...pertaining to
-cyte...cell -gen...substance or agent that produces or causes -genesis...origin, cause -genic...producing, originating, causing -logist...one who studies and treats (specialist, physician) -logy...study of -oid...resembling -oma...tumor, swelling -osis...abnormal condition (means increasewhen used with blood cell word roots) -pathy...disease -plasia...condition of formation, development, growth -plasm...growth, substance, formation -sarcoma...malignant tumor -sis...state of -stasis...control, stop, standing |
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Disease and disorder oncology terms:
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adenocarcinoma: cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.
adenoma: tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign). carcinoma (Ca): cancerous tumor (malignant). chloroma: tumor of green color (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue). epithelioma: tumor composed of epithelium (may be benign or malignant). fibroma: tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue) (benign). fibrosarcoma: malignant tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue). leiomyoma: tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign). leiomyosarcoma: malignant tuor of smooth muscle. lipoma: tumor composed of fat (benign tumor). liposarcoma: malignant tumor of fat. melanocarcinoma: cancerous black tumor (malignant). melanoma: black tumor (primarily of the skin). myoma: tumor composed of muscle (benign). neoplasm: new growth (of abnormal tissue or tumor). neuroma: tumor composed of nerve (benign). rhabdomyoma: malignant tumore of striated muscle. sarcoma: tumor of connective tissue (such as bone and cartilidge) (highly malignant). **sarc/o is also presented as a word root in this chapter** |
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Body structure terms:
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cytogenic: producing cells
cytoid: resembling a cell cytology: study of cells cytoplasm: cell substance dysplasia: abnormal development epithelial: pertaining to epithelium erythrocyte (RBC): red blood cell erythrocytosis: increase in the number of red blood cells histology: study of tissue hyperplasia: excessive development (number of cells) hypoplasia: incomplete development karyocyte: cell with a nucleus karyoplasm: substance of a nucleus leukocyte (WBC): white blood cell leukocytosis: increase in the number of white blood cells lipoid: resembling fat myopathy: disease of the muscle neuroid: resembling a nerve somatic: pertaining to the body somatogenic: originating in the body (organic as opposed to psychologic) somatopathy: disease of the body somatoplasm: body substance systemic: pertaining to a (body) system (or the body as a whole) visceral: pertaining to the internal organs |
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Complementary terms:
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cancerous: pertaining to cancer
carcinogen: substance that causes cancer carcinogenic: producing cancer cyanosis: abnormal condition of bluish discoloration of hte skin, caused by inadquete supply of oxygen to the blood. diagnosis: state of complete knowledge (identifying a disease) etiology: study of causes (of diseases) latrogenic: produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician) latrology: study of medicine metastasis (mets): beyong control (transfer of disease from one organ to another, as in the transfer of malignant tumors) neopathy: new disease oncogenic: causing tumors oncologist: a physician who studies and treats tumores oncology: study of tumors (a branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignant tumors) pathogenic: producing disease pathologist: a physician who studies disease (examines biopsies and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death) pathology: study of disease prognosis (Px): state of before knowledge (prediction of the outcome of disease) xanthochromic: pertaining to yellow color xanthosis: abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration) |
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Complementary terms:
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benign: not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery
carcinoma in situ" cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue chemotherapy (chemo): treatment of cancer with drugs encapsulated: enclosed in a capsule, as with benign exacerbation: increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms idiopathic: pertaining to disease of unknown origin inflammation: response to injury or destruction of tissue characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain in vitro: within a glass, observable test tube in vivo: within the living body malignant: tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer radiation therapy (XRT): treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation (also called radiation oncology and radiotherapy) remission: improvement or absence of signs of disease. |
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Common plural endings:
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-a, vertebra...vertebrae
-ax, thorax...thoraces -is, testis...testes -ix, appendix...appendices -ma, carinoma...carcinomata -on, ganglion...glanglia -sis, metastisis...metastases -um, ovum...ova -us, fungus...fungi -nx, larynx...larynges -y, biopsy...biopsies |
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Abbreviations:
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Ca...carcinoma
chemo...chemotherapy Dx...diagnosis mets...metastisis Px...prognosis RBC...red blood cell XRT...radiation therapy WBC...white blood cell |
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Anatomic positon: word parts, chapter 3
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anter/o...front
caud/o...tail (downward) cephal/o...head (upward) dist/o...away (from the point of attachment of a body part) dors/o...back infer/o...below later/o...side medi/o...middle poster/o...back, behind proxim/o...near (the point of attachment of a body part) super/o...above ventr/o...belly (front) |
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Prefixes and suffixes:
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bi-two
uni-one -ad...toward -ior...pertaining to |
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Directional terms:
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caudad...toward the tail
cephalad...toward the head (upward) lateral (lat)...pertaining to a side medial (med)...pertaining to the middle unilateral...pertaining to one side (only) bilateral...pertaining to two sides mediolateral...pertaining to the middle and to the side distal...pertaining to away 9from the point of attachmet of a body part) proximal...pertaining to near (to the point of attachment of a body part) interior (inf)...pertaining to below superior (sup)...pertaining to the tail (similar to inferior in most instances related to human anatomy) cephalic...pertaining to the head anterior (ant)...pertaining to the front |
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Directional terms, cont.
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posterior...pertaining to the back
dorsal...pertaining to the back ventral...pertaining to the belly (front) anteroposterior...pertaining to the front and to the back posteroanterior...pertaining to the back and front |
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Anatomic planes:
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frontal or coronal: vertical field passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
sagittal: vertical field running through the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides. midsagittal: divides the body into right and left halves. transverse: horizontal field dividing the body into upper and lower portions. |
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Abdominopelvic regions:
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umbilical region (1): around the navel (umbilicus)
epigastric regions (1): directly above the umbilical region. hypogastric region (1): directly below the umbilical region. hypochondriac regions: to the right and left of the epigastric region. lumbar regions: to the right and left of the umbilical region. iliac regions: to the right and left of the hypogastric region. |
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Abdominopelvic quandrants:
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RUQ: right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, portions of the small and large intestines, and the right kidney.
LUQ: left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small and large intestines. RLQ: portions of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, and hte right ovary and uterine tube in women or the left spermatic duct in men. LLQ: portions of the small and large intestine, the left ureter, and left ovary and uterine tube in women or hte left spermatic duct in men. |
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Abbreviations:
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ant...anterior
AP...anteroposterior inf...inferior lat...lateral LLQ...left lower quadrant LUQ...left upper quandrant med...medial PA...posteroanterior RLQ...right lower quandrant RUQ...right upper quandrant sup...superior |
