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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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Anatomy: Greek for to cut apart.
To cut (tomy) apart (ana) Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their relationships to one another. |
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Define Physiology:
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Physiology: Greek for to study the nature of. Nature (physio) the study of (ology)
Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. |
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Define the relationship between anatomy and physiology:
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The relationship between anatomy and physiology is intimate, due to anatomy regarding the structure of the body and it's parts, and physiology regarding the nature and the function of the aforementioned parts.
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What are the six levels of structural organization in an organism?
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1 Chemical level
2 Cellular level 3 Tissue level 4 Organ level 5 Organ system level 6 Organism level |
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Define the integumentary system, and its functions
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The integumentary system is the external covering of the body (i.e, skin)
Its purposes are: To alert us of what is happening on the surface. To excrete salts and urea in perspiration. To cushion and protect deeper tissues from injury. To act as a waterproof membrane. Mnemonic: Andy Enjoys Chicks Walking |
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Define the skeletal system and its functions
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The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints.
It's purposes are to: Support the body. Provide a framework for the skeletal muscles to use to cause movement. To protect organs from damage. Formation of blood cells Storage of minerals. Mnemonic: Sally Much Prefers Feminine Shoes |
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Define the muscular system and its functions
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Muscles only have one purpose, to contract, in order to allow movement to happen, due to the shortening of skeletal muscles causing the bones to move.
Mnemonic: Contractions Allow Movement (CAM) |
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Define the nervous system and it's functions::
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The nervous system is made up of nerves, sensory receptors, as well as the brain and spinal cord.
Its purposes are: To send messages via nerve impulses so that the central nervous system is constantly informed. To activate the appropriate body effectors. To detect changes in sensory receptors. Mnemonic: SAD (Send Activate Detect |
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Define the endocrine system and its functions:
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The endocrine system consists of glands which produce hormones.
The endocrine system's functions are: To produce hormones, and release them into the bloodstream, hormones regulate cellular structures and controls a large number of important bodily functions. (food use, growth, reproduction, temperature) Mnemonic: Freida Gives Randy Treats |
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Define the cardiovascular system and it's functions:
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels.
The cardiovascular system's functions are: To transport nutrients for respiration. To transport oxygen via hemoglobin. To transport waste out of the body. To transport hormones to their target organs. And to transport white blood cells. Mnemonic: NOWHW |
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Define the lymphatic system and it's function:
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The lymphatic system is a system of lymphatic vessels and nodes throughout the body.
Their functions are: To return fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels, so that blood can be kept continuously circulating. To house the immune system. To cleanse the blood of bacteria Mnemonic: RIC (Return, Immune system, Cleanse) |
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Define the respiratory system and its functions
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The respiratory system is to keep the body continuously supplied with oxygen in order for respiration to occur.
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Define the digestive system and it's functions:
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The digestive system consists of a tube running through the body from mouth to anus.
It's functions are: To break down food To deliver nutrients into the blood for dispersal. To remove undigested food. BReD (Break down, Remove, Deliver) |
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Define the urinary system and its functions:
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The urinary system removes the nitrogen from metabolic waste, and flushes them from the body in urine. Also to maintain the body's electrolyte balance.
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Define the reproductive system and its functions:
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The reproductive system exists primarily to produce offspring. Sperm are created in the testes for the male and egg cells are created in the ovaries.
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Name the glands in the endocrine system
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Pienal
Pituitary. Thyroid. Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Testis Ovaries |
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What are the seven necessary life functions in the human body?
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MR MERGD
Movement Responsiveness Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Digestion |
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Why are nutrients necessary for the survival of a bodily system?
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Because nutrients contain the chemical energy used in respiration and cell building.
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source Proteins and fats are necessary for building cellular structures Fat is also used to cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel. Minerals and vitamins are necessary for the chemical reactions that go in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood. |
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Why is oxygen vital to the survival of a bodily system?
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Oxygen is necessary in respiration, due to the cells requiring oxygen for chemical reactions to occur.
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Why is water vital to the survival of a bodily system?
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Because water accounts for 60 to 80% of body weight, and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions.
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How does body temperature effect the body?
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Body temperature is responsible for the speed of metabolic reactions that occur within the body.
Normal body temperature is 37 degrees celsius, any lower and reaction rates will slow down, any higher and reaction rates will speed up and body proteins begin to break down. |
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Why is atmospheric pressure necessary for the survival of a bodily system?
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Because atmospheric pressure depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure for gas exchange, necessary for survival.
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Define homeostasis
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Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, and how well the body can rapidly adjust to imbalances in the internal environment.
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Why is homeostasis vital to the human body?
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because homeostasis allows stable internal conditions within the body by changing body temperature, adjusting blood pressure and levels of vital nutrients in the blood, to allow the human body to function effectively.
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What is the receptor and what is it's function in maintaining homeostasis?
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the receptor is a sensor that monitors the changes in the environment and responds to the outside stimuli by sending information to the control center, to determine the effective course of action.
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What is the control center and what is it's function in maintaining homeostasis?
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the control center determines the level of which a variable is to be maintained, as well as analyzing the information received from receptors, before determining the appropriate action.
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What is the function of the effector, and what is it's function in maintaining homeostasis?
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the effector allows the means for the control center's course of action by decreasing (negative feedback) or increasing (positive feedback) these courses of action influence the stimulus.
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What is the negative feedback mechanism, and what is it's function in maintaining homeostasis?
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negative feedback mechanisms are the most common form of homeostasis control mechanisms, they operate by shutting off the stimulus, or reducing it's intensity. E.g inducing sweating to reduce temperature, then stopping sweat once body temperature is stable.
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What are positive feedback mechanisms, and what is their purpose in maintaining homeostasis?
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positive feedback mechanisms are rare because they increase the stimulus and push the variable farther from its original value. They tend to control infrequent events that happen explosively and do not require continuous adjustments, such as blood clotting.
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What is the anatomical position?
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the anatomical position is feed close together, palms out, and shoulders straight. It is used as a standard means of ascertaining the position of human anatomy.
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Abdominal
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anterior body trunk, inferior to ribs
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acromial
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point of shoulder
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antecubital
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anterior surface of elbow
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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buccal
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cheek area
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carpal
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wrist
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cervical
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neck region
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coxal
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hip
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crural
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leg
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ditigal
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fingers, toes
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femoral
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thigh
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fibular
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lateral part of leg
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inguinal
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area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
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nasal
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nose area
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye area
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patellar
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anterior knee
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pelvic
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area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
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pubic
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genital region
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sternal
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breastbone area
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tarsal
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ankle region
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thoracic
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chest
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umbilical
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navel
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calcaneal
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heel of foot
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cephalic
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head
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deltoid
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curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
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femoral
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thigh
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gluteal
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buttock
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lumbar
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area of back between ribs and hips
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occipital
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posterior surface of head
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olecranal
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posterior surface of elbow
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popliteal
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posterior knee area
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sacral
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area between hips
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sural
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the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
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vertebral
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area of spine
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superior
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toward the head end or upper part of body; above
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inferior
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away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below
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anterior
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toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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posterior
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toward or at the backside of the body; behind
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medial
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toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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intermediate
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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proximal
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close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
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distal
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away from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
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superficial
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toward or at the body surface
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deep/internal
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away from the body surface; more internal.
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