Chapter 5: Respiratory System And Introduction To Diagnostic Procedures And Tests

Front 1

Organs of the Respiratory System

nose

Back 1

lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs

Hint 1

acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air

Front 2

nasal septum

Back 2

partition separating the right and left nasal cavities

Front 3

paranasal sinuses

Back 3

air cavities within the cranial bones the open into the nasal cavities

Front 4

pharynx

Back 4

serves as food and air passageway; throat

Hint 4

Air enter from the nasal cavities and/or mouth and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus

Front 5

adenoids

Back 5

lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity; pharyngeal tonsils

Front 6

tonsils

Back 6

lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx

Front 7

larynx

(Adams Apple is the largest ring of cartilage in the larynx and is also known as the thyroid cartilage. The name came from the belief that Adam, realizing he had sinned when he ate the forbidden fruit, was unable to swallow the apple lodged in his throat.)

Back 7

location of the vocal cords.

Hint 7

Air enters from the pharynx (also called voice box).

Front 8

epiglottis

Back 8

flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing

Front 9

trachea

Back 9

passageway for air to the bronchi from the larynx

Hint 9

also called windpipe

Front 10

bronchus (pl. bronchi)

Back 10

one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs

Hint 10

tubes carrying air between the trachea and the lungs

Front 11

bronchioles

Back 11

smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree

Front 12

alveolus (pl. alveoli)

Back 12

air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.

Front 13

lungs

Back 13

two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity.

Front 14

pleura

Back 14

double-folded serous membrane covering each lung

Front 15

diaphragm

Back 15

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Hint 15

It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out.

Front 16

mediastinum

Back 16

space between the lungs.

Hint 16

It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.

Front 17

adenoid/o

Back 17

adenoids

Front 18

alveol/o

Back 18

alveolus

Front 19

bronchi/o, bronch/o

Back 19

bronchus

Front 20

diaphragmat/o, phren/o

Back 20

diaphragm

Front 21

epiglott/o

Back 21

epiglottis

Front 22

laryng/o

Back 22

larynx

Front 23

lob/o

LOBE literally means the part that hangs down, although it comes from the Greek lobos, meaning capsule or pod. This also applies to the lobe of an ear, the liver, or the brain.

Back 23

lobe

Front 24

nas/o, rhin/o

Back 24

nose

Front 25

pharyng/o

Back 25

pharynx

Front 26

pleur/o

Back 26

pleura

Front 27

pneum/o, pnemat/o, pneumon/o

Back 27

lung, air

Front 28

pulmon/o

Back 28

lung

Front 29

sept/o

Back 29

septum (wall off, fence)

Front 30

sinus/o

Back 30

sinus

Front 31

thorac/o

Back 31

thorax, chest, chest cavity

Front 32

tonsill/o

(Note: tonsil has one I, and the combining form has two I's.)

Back 32

tonsil

Front 33

trache/o

Back 33

trachea

Front 34

Combining Forms Commonly used with Respiratory System

atel/o

Back 34

imperfect, incomplete

Front 35

capn/o

Back 35

carbon dioxide

Front 36

hem/o, hemat/o

Back 36

blood

Front 37

muc/o

Back 37

mucus

Front 38

orth/o

Back 38

straight

Front 39

ox/i

Back 39

oxygen

Front 40

phon/o

Back 40

sound, voice

Front 41

py/o

Back 41

pus

Front 42

radi/o

Back 42

x-rays, ionizing radiation

Front 43

somn/o

Back 43

sleep

Front 44

son/o

Back 44

sound

Front 45

spir/o

Back 45

breathe, breathing

Front 46

tom/o

Back 46

to cut, section, or slice

Front 47

Prefixes

a-, an-

(Note: an- is used when the word root begins with a vowel.)

Back 47

absence of, without

Front 48

endo-

(Note: the prefix intra-, introduces in Chapter 4, also means within.)

Back 48

within

Front 49

eu-

Back 49

normal, good

Front 50

poly-

Back 50

many, much

Front 51

tachy-

Back 51

fast, rapid

Front 52

Suffixes

-algia

Back 52

pain

Front 53

-ar, -ary, -eal

Back 53

pertaining to

Front 54

-cele

Back 54

hernia or protrusion

Front 55

-centesis

Back 55

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle)

Front 56

-ecstasis

Back 56

stretching out, dilatation, expansion

Front 57

-emia

Back 57

in the blood

Front 58

-gram

Back 58

record, radiographic image

Front 59

-graph

Back 59

instrument used to record; record

Front 60

-graphy

Back 60

process of recording, radiographic imaging

Front 61

-meter

Back 61

instrument used to measure

Front 62

-metry

Back 62

measurement

Front 63

-pexy

Back 63

surgical fixation, suspension

Front 64

-pnea

Back 64

breathing

Front 65

-rrhaging

Back 65

rapid flow of blood

Front 66

-scope

Back 66

instrument used for visual examination

Front 67

-scopic

Back 67

pertaining to visual examination

Front 68

-scopy

Back 68

visual examination

Front 69

-spasm

Back 69

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction (spasmodic contraction)

Front 70

-stenosis

Back 70

constriction or narrowing

Front 71

-stomy

Back 71

creation of an artificial opening

Front 72

-thorax

Back 72

chest, chest cavity

Front 73

-tomy

Back 73

cut into, incision

Front 74

Disease and Disorder Terms

adenoiditis

Back 74

inflammation of the adenoids

Front 75

alveolitis

Back 75

inflammation of the alveoli (pulmonary or dental)

Front 76

atelectasis

Back 76

incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung)

Front 77

bronchiectasis

Back 77

dilation of the bronchi

Front 78

bronchitis

Back 78

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 79

bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 79

cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus

Hint 79

also referred to as lung cancer

Front 80

bronchopneumonia

Back 80

diseased state of the bronchi and lungs

Hint 80

an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the bronchioles

Front 81

diaphragmatocele

Back 81

hernia of the diaphragm

Front 82

epiglottitis

Back 82

inflammation of the epiglottis

Front 83

hemothorax

Back 83

blood in the chest cavity (pleural space)

Front 84

laryngitis

Back 84

inflammation of the larynx

Front 85

laryngotracheobronchitis (LBT)

Back 85

inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Hint 85

the acute form is called croup

Front 86

lobar pneumonia

Back 86

bacteria infection of one or more lobes of the lungs

Front 87

nasopharyngitis

Back 87

inflammation of the nose and pharynx

Front 88

pharyngitis

Back 88

inflammation of the pharynx

Front 89

pleuritis

Back 89

inflammation of the pleura

Hint 89

also called pleurisy

Front 90

pneumoconiosis

Back 90

abnormal condition of the dust in the lungs

Front 91

pneumonia

Back 91

infection and inflammation of the lung

Hint 91

caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses and fungi)

Front 92

puemothorax

Back 92

air in the chest cavity (pleural space)

Hint 92

causes collapse of the lung (often a result of a open chest wound)

Front 93

pulmonary neoplasm

Back 93

lung tumor

Front 94

pyothorax

Back 94

pus in the chest cavity

Hint 94

also called empyema

Front 95

rhinitis

Back 95

inflammation of the nose

Front 96

rhinomycosis

Back 96

abnormal condition of fungus in the nose

Front 97

rhinorrhagia

Back 97

rapid flow of blood from the nose

Hint 97

also called epistaxis

Front 98

sinusitis

Back 98

inflammation of the sinuses

Front 99

thoracalgia

Back 99

pain in the chest

Front 100

tonsillitis

Back 100

inflammation of the tonsils

Front 101

tracheitis

Back 101

inflammation of the trachea

Front 102

tracheostenosis

Back 102

narrowing of the trachea

Front 103

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Back 103

respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury.

Hint 103

Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis (also called adult respiratory distress syndrome)

Front 104

asthma

Back 104

respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

Hint 104

caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks

Front 105

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 105

a progressive lung disease restricting air flow, which makes breathing difficult.

Hint 105

most often caused by cigarette smoking

Front 106

coccidioidomycosis

Back 106

fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body

Hint 106

also called valley fever

Front 107

cor pulmonale

Back 107

cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disoders

Front 108

croup

Back 108

condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx

Hint 108

characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral bacteria or infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children (also called laryngotracheobronchitis)

Front 109

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Back 109

hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract

Front 110

deviated septum

Back 110

unequal size of the nasal cavity

Front 111

emphysema

Back 111

alveoli become distended and losing elasticity

Front 112

epistaxis

Back 112

nosebleed (synonymous with rhinorrhagia)

Front 113

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

Back 113

chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increased scarring of the lungs

Front 114

influenza

Back 114

highly contagious and often severe viral infection of the respiratory tract

Hint 114

commonly called flu

Front 115

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Back 115

repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep

Front 116

pertussis

Back 116

highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract

Hint 116

also called whooping cough

Front 117

pleural effusion

Back 117

fluid in the pleural space

Hint 117

caused by a disease process or trauma

Front 118

pulmonary edema

Back 118

fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles

Hint 118

most often a manifestation of heart failure

Front 119

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Back 119

blood clot in the lungs

Front 120

tuberculosis (TB)

Back 120

infectious bacterial disease usually affecting the lungs

Front 121

upper respiratory infection (URI)

Back 121

infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx

Hint 121

commonly called a cold

Front 122

adenoidectomy

Back 122

excision of the adenoids

Front 123

adenotome

(Note: the oid is missing from the word root adenoid in this term.)

Back 123

instrument used to cut the adenoids

Front 124

bronchoplasty

Back 124

surgical repair of a bronchus

Front 125

laryngectomy

Back 125

excision of the larynx

Front 126

laryngoplasty

Back 126

surgical repair of the larynx

Front 127

laryngotracheotomy

Back 127

incision of the larynx and trachea

Front 128

lobectomy

Back 128

excision of the lung

Front 129

plueropexy

Back 129

surgical fixation of the pleura

Front 130

pneumonectomy

Back 130

excision of a lung

Front 131

rhinoplasty

Back 131

surgical repair of the nose

Front 132

septoplasty

Back 132

surgical repair of the (nasal) septum

Front 133

septotomy

Back 133

incision of the (nasal) septum

Front 134

sinusotomy

Back 134

incision into a sinus

Front 135

thoracocentesis

Back 135

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity

Front 136

thoracotomy

Back 136

incision into the chest cavity

Front 137

tonsillectomy

Back 137

excision of the tonsils

Front 138

tracheoplasty

Back 138

surgical repair of the trachea

Front 139

tracheostomy

Back 139

creation of an artificial opening into the trachea

Front 140

tracheotomy

Back 140

incision into the trachea

Front 141

ENDOSCOPY

bronchoscope

Back 141

instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi

Front 142

bronchoscopy

Back 142

visual examination of the bronchi

Front 143

endoscope

Back 143

instrument used for visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

Front 144

endoscopic

Back 144

pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

Front 145

endoscopy

Back 145

visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

Front 146

laryngoscope

Back 146

instrument use for visual examination of the larynx

Front 147

laryngoscopy

Back 147

visual examination of the larynx

Front 148

radiography

Back 148

process of recording x-rays

Front 149

radiograph

Back 149

record of x-ray

Front 150

sonogram

Back 150

record of sound

Front 151

sonography

Back 151

process of recording sound

Front 152

thoracoscope

Back 152

instrument used for visual examination of the chest cavity

Front 153

thoracoscopy

Back 153

visual examination of the chest cavity

Front 154

tomography

Back 154

process of recording slices (anatomical cross section)

Front 155

PULIMANRY FUNCTION

capnometer

Back 155

instrument use to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas)

Front 156

oximeter

Back 156

instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood)

Front 157

spirometer

Back 157

instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes)

Front 158

spirometry

Back 158

a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes)

Front 159

SLEEP STUDIES

polysomnography (PSG)

Back 159

process of recording many (test) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea. Test include electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, air flow monitoring, and oximetry.

Front 160

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

chest computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 160

computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion

Front 161

chest radiograph (CXR)

Back 161

radiographic images of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)

Front 162

Ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS)

Back 162

Nuclear medicine procedure performed by inhaling a radionuclide (ventilation) and injecting a radionuclide (perfusion) into an artery followed by imaging to show how well the inhaled air is distributed. Defects in arterial perfusion may indicate pulmonary embolism. (Alonso called lung scan)

Front 163

LABORATORY

acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear

Back 163

test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis

Front 164

sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Back 164

test performed on sputum to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Sputum is placed on a medium for growth (culture) and if pathogenic bacteria grow, is the tested for antibiotic sensitivity (sensitivity) identifying which antibiotic will provide the most effective treatment. Used to diagnose pulmonary abscess, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Front 165

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Back 165

test performed on arterial blood to determine oxygen levels (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH (acidity)

Front 166

peak flow meter (PFM)

Back 166

portable instrument used to measure how fast air can be pushed out the lung' used to help monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly

Front 167

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Back 167

group of test used to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function' when abnormal, they are useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma

Front 168

pulse oximetry

Back 168

noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip

Front 169

OTHER

auscultation

Back 169

the act of listening for sounds within the body through a stethoscope; used for assessing and/or heart and abdomen

Front 170

percussion

Back 170

the act of tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained. A dull sound indicates the presence of fluid in a body space or cavity such as in the pleural space

Front 171

PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test

Back 171

tests performed on individuals who have recently been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD of the tuberculin bacillus is

Front 172

stethoscope

Back 172

instrument used to hear internal body sounds;used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement

Front 173

Complementary Terms

acapnia

Back 173

absence carbon dioxide (in the blood)

Front 174

alveolar

Back 174

pertaining to the alveolus

Front 175

anoxia

Back 175

absence (deficiency) of oxygen

Front 176

aphonia

Back 176

absence of voice

Front 177

apnea

Back 177

absence of breathing

Front 178

bronchoalveolar

Back 178

pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli

Front 179

bronchospasm

Back 179

spasmodic contraction of the bronchi

Front 180

diaphragmatic

Back 180

pertaining to the diaphragm

Hint 180

also called phrenic

Front 181

dysphonia

Back 181

difficult speaking (voice)

Front 182

dyspnea

Back 182

difficult breathing

Front 183

endotracheal

Back 183

pertaining to within the trachea

Front 184

eupnea

Back 184

normal breathing

Front 185

hypercapnia

Back 185

condition of excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 186

hyperpnea

Back 186

excessive breathing

Front 187

hypocapnia

Back 187

not enough carbon dioxide in the blood

Hint 187

usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation

Front 188

hypopnea

Back 188

abnormally slow or shallow breathing

Front 189

hypoxemia

Back 189

not enough oxygen in the blood

Front 190

hypoxia

Back 190

not enough oxygen (to the tissues)

Front 191

intrapleural

Back 191

pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)

Front 192

laryngeal

Back 192

pertaining to the larynx

Front 193

laryngospasm

Back 193

spasmodic contraction of the larynx

Front 194

mucoid

Back 194

resembling mucus

Front 195

mucous

Back 195

pertaining to mucus

Front 196

nasopharyngeal

Back 196

pertaining to the nose and pharynx

Front 197

orthopnea

Back 197

able to breathe easier in a straight (upright) position

Front 198

phrenalgia

Back 198

pain in the diaphragm

Hint 198

also called diaphragmalgia

Front 199

phrenospasm

Back 199

spasm of the diaphragm

Front 200

pulmonary

Back 200

pertaining to the lung

Front 201

pulmonologist

Back 201

physician who studies and treat disease of the lung

Front 202

pulmonology

Back 202

study of the lung

Hint 202

a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung

Front 203

radiologist

Back 203

physician who specializes in the use of x-rays, ultrasound, and magnetic fields

Front 204

radiology

Back 204

study of x-rays

Hint 204

a branch of medicine concerned with the use of x-rays, ultrasound, and magnetic fields to diagnose and treat disease

Front 205

rhinorrhea

Back 205

discharge from the nose (as in a cold)

Front 206

tachypnea

Back 206

rapid breathing

Front 207

thoracic

Back 207

pertaining to the chest