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350 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-ecstasis
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stretching, dilation, widening
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-ecstasia
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stretching, dilation, widening
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bronchiectasis
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stretching of bronchial tubes caused by chronic infection or obstruction
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lymphangiectasia
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dilation of smaller lymphatic vessels caused by obstruction of larger vessels
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hematemesis
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vomiting bright red blood; usually caused by esophageal varices or peptic ulcer
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polyphagia
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excessive appetite
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proptosis
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forward protrusion of the eye
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hemoptysis
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spitting blood from respiratory tract
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-rrhage
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bursting forth (of blood)
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-rrhagia
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bursting forth (of blood)
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--rrhaphy
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suture
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cholestatis
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flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is interrupted
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-stenosis
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tightening, stricture, narrowing
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-tresia
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opening
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atresia
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absence of a normal opening
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dysphasia
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abnormal speech
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Whipple procedure
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pancreaticoduodenectomy; surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer
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sialaden/o
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salivary glands
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ALT
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alanin transaminase; type of LFT; elevation can indicate liver disease
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AST
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aspartate transaminase; type of LFT; elevation can indicate liver disease
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alk phos
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alkaline phosphatase; type of LFT; elevation may mean liver or bone disease
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stool guaiac test
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Hemoccult test
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cholangiography
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X-ray exam of the biliary system after injection of contrast into bile ducts; may be percutaneous transhepatic (injection of contrast through abdomen into liver) or endoscopic retrograde (ERCP) (contrast passed through an oral catheter
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ERCP
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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EUS
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endoscopic ultrasonography
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EGD
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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BE
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barium enema
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BRBPR
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bright red blood per rectum
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CT
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computed tomography
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FOBT
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fecal occult blood test (stool guaiac)
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G tube
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gastrostomy tube; AKA stomach tube or PEG tube
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GB
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gallbladder
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LAC
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laproscopic-assisted colectomy
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NPO
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nil per os; nothing by mouth
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PEG tube
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percurtaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
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PEJ tube
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percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube
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PTHC
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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PUD
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peptic ulcer disease
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TPN
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total parenteral nutrition
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T tube
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tube placed in bile duct for drainage outside of body
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triglycerides
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3 parts fatty acids, 1 part glycerol
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rugae
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ridges in the membrane on anterior portion of hard palate
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deglutition
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swallowing
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buccal surface
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surface of tooth nearest the cheek
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mesial surface
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surface of tooth nearest the median line
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distal surface
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surface of tooth away from median line
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occlusal surface
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chewing surface of molars
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cementum
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covers, protects, and supports dentin in the root of the tooth
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periodontal membrane
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surrounds cementum and holds the tooth in place
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salivary glands
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1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland 3. sublingual gland |
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hyperbilirubinemia
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jaundice
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glucose
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sugar
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glycogen
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starch
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bucc/o
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cheek
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cec/o
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cecum (1st part of large intestine)
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celi/o
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belly, abdomen
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cheil/o
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lip
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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choledoch/o
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common bile duct
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col/o
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colon
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enter/o
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intestines (usually small)
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anastomosis
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surgical connection between two parts
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mesentery
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part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the abdominal organs
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omentum
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part of the mesentery that hangs down over the intestines like an apron
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faci/o
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face
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hepat/o
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liver
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ile/o
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ileum
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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or/o
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oral
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peritone/o
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peritoneum
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pylor/o
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pyloric sphincter
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sialaden/o
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salivary gland
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
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stomat/o
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mouth
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amyl/o
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starch
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amylase
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enzyme that digests starch
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bil/i
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gall, bile
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chol/e
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gall, bile
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chlorhydr/o
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hydrochloric acid
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lipase
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digests fats
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protease
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digests proteins
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steat/o
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fat
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sial/o
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saliva
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-chezia
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defecation, waste removal
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-iasis
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abnormal condition
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acites
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accumulation of fluid in the abdomen; may be caused by neoplasm or inflammatory disorders of the abdomen, venus hypertension caused by liver disease, or heart failure; treated with diuretic drugs and paracentesis
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borborygmus
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rumbling or gurgling in the GI tract
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eructation
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gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching)
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hematochezia
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passage of fresh red blood from the rectum
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icterus
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jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia
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melena
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black, tarry stools from digested blood
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steatorrhea
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fatty stools
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achalasia
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failure of lower esophagus sphincter to relax
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Barrett esophagus
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premalignant condition caused by gastric reflux
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portal hypertension
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increased pressure in veins around liver caused by liver disease
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pedunculated
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attached to a membrane by a stalk
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sessile
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sitting directly on a mucous membrane
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ileus
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loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of intestines
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cholelithiasis
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gallstones
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types of urinary waste products
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1. urea
2. creatinine 3. uric acid |
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products of the kidneys
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1. urea, creatinine, and uric acid filtered into urine
2. electrolytes excreted as necessary to maintain proper balance 3. renin: raises blood pressure (to keep blood moving through kidney) 4. erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
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renin
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substance secreted by the kidneys that raises blood pressure to ensure adequate blood movement through the kidneys
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erythropoietin
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hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
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creatinine clearance
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a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blod
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cali/o, calic/o
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calyx
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cyst/o
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urinary bladder
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glomerul/o
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glomerular capsule
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meat/o
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meatus
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nephropexy
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procedure to fix a floating kidney in place
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nephrolithotomy
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percutaneous incision to remove a kidney stone
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hydronephrosis
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obstruction of urin flow caused by renal calculi, compression of the ureter by a tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate
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nephrostomy
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surgical opening from the renal pelvis to the outside of the body; necessary when a ureter is obstructed and cannot be easily cleared
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis
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pyelolithotomy
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removal of a large calculus from the renal pelvis
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ren/o
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kidney
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colic
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intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distension of an organ
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trigon/o
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trigone region of the bladder
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stricture
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abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
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vesic/o
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urinary bladder (do not confuse with vesical with vesicle, which is a small blister)
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vesical
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urinary bladder
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vesicle
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small blister on the skin
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albunim/o
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protein in the blood noted when a malfunction of the kidney causes protein to leak out of the damaged glomeruli
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azot/o
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nitrogen
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen test; done to indicate presence of nitrogen in uremia/azotemia
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C&S testing
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culture and sensitivity testing: bacteria from an infection are cultured and then treated with an antibiotic to see what will work
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dips/o
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thirst
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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kal/o
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potassium
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hyperkalemia
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elevated potassium in the kidneys; can be caused by kidney failure (kidneys do not adequately filter the potassium)
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ketosis
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presence of ketone bodies in the blood and tissues; AKA ketoacidosis because acetone is released from the blood and exhaled through the mouth, causing a fruity odor
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natr/o
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sodium
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hyponatremia
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condition seen in advanced chronic kidney disease as fluid builds up in blood and tissues, causing salt to be diluted; also occurs to athletes when they drink too much water
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nocturia
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excessive nighttime urination
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olig/o
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scanty
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oliguria
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scanty urination
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py/o
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pus
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pyuria
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pus in the urine
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-tripsy
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crushing
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uremia
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toxic state caused when nitrogenous waste accumulates in the blood
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enuresis
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bed-wetting
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diuresis
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"complete" urination: increased excretion of urine
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone; AKA vasopressin; comes from the pituitary gland to promote water reabsorption in the renal tubules
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glomerulonephritis
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inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney; can follow streptococcal infection and lead to leaky glomeruli, albuminuria, renal failure, and uremia
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interstitial nephritis
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inflammation of the connective tissue between the renal tubules; acute interstitial nephritis can be cause by excessive use of aspirin; symptoms: fever, skin rash, eosinophils in blood and urine
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nephrolithiasis
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kidney stones (renal calculi)
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nephrotic syndrome
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group of signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
Symptoms: excessive protein in urine edema hypoalbuminemia Causes: exposure to toxins or drugs diabetes mellitus malignant disease |
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polycystic kidney
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PKD: multiple fluid-filled sacs in/on kidney
Symptoms: may be asymptomatic hematuria UTI nephrolithiasis |
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pyelonehritis
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inflammation of lining of renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
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parenchyma
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the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ
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renal cell carcinoma/hypernephroma
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adult cancerous tumor of the kidney
2% of cancers in adults Signs: hematuria bone/lung metastases Treatment: nephrectomy |
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ARF
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acute renal failure
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CRF
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chronic renal failure
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CKD
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chronic kidney disease
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renal hypertension
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high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease; a form of secondary hypertension
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Wilms tumor
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malignant tumor of kidney in children
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bladder cancer
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Signs:
gross or microscopic hematuria and dysuria cytoscopy/biopsy Most often men, >50, smokers |
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diabetes insipidus
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) not secreted adequately or kidneys are resistant to it
Signs: polydipsia polyuria |
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diabetes mellitus
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insulin is not secreted or used properly
Signs: glycosuria hyperglycemia polyuria polydipsia |
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GFR
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glomerular filtration rate: indicated by creatinine clearance tests; usually 90-120 mL/minute
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KUB STUDY
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kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray
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renal angiography
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x-ray (with contrast) of blood vessels of kidney; used to fine bleeding and renal artery stenosis
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retrograde pyelogram
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RP: x-ray (with contrast from urinary catheter) of renal pelvis and ureters
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voiding cystourethrogram
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VCUG; x-ray (with contrast) of urinary bladder and urethra during voiding
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cytoscopy
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visualization of urethra and urinary bladder with endoscope inserted into the urethra/bladder
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hemodialysis
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uses an artificial kidney machine to filter blood through an arteriovenous fistula created to provide access
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peritoneal dialysis
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uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into peritoneal cavity to chemically flush the capillaries; fluid/waste is removed through a catheter
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lithotripsy
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urinary stones are crushed using shock waves
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ESWL
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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renal angioplasty
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catheter ballon inserted into an artery and inflated to dilate narrowed renal arteries
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ovum
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female sex cell
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zygote
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fertilized ovum
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embryo
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mature zygote from 2-8 weeks
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fetus
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8-40 weeks
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Bartholin glands
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two small, round glands on either side of the vaginal orifice that secrete mucous to lubricate the vagina
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corpus luteum
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ruptured follicle filled with a yellow, fat-like material; secretes early pregnancy hormones
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parturition
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giving birth
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hCG
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human chorionic gonadotropin; produced by the placenta in a pregnancy; stimulates corpus luteum to continue producing hormones until 3rd month of pregnancy
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FSH
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follicle-stimulating hormone; secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulate maturation of ovum and ovulation
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LH
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luteinizing hormone; secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulate maturation of ovum and ovulation
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adnexa uteri
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fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
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amnion
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innermost membranous sac surrounding developing fetus
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chorion
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outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo
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fimbriae
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finger-like projections on ends of fallopian tubes
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lactiferous ducts
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tubes that carry milk in the breast
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mammary papilla
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nipple of the breast
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myometrium
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muscle layer of the uterus
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uterine serosa
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outermost layer surrounding the uterus
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colp/o
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vagina
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culd/o
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cul-de-sac between vagina and rectum
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metr/o, metri/o
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uterus
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menometrorrhagia
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excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods
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my/o, myom/o
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muscle
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oophor/o
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ovary
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ovul/o
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egg
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perine/o
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perineum
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phor/o
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to bear
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salping/o
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fallopian tubes
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-arche
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beginning
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-cyesis
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pregnancy
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-gravida
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pregnant
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primagravida
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a woman during her first pregnancy
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-parous
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bearing, bringing forth
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primiparous
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a woman who has given birth by at least one child (post 20 weeks gestation)
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-salpinx
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fallopian
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-tocia
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birth, labor
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involution of the uterus
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return of uterus to normal size after a birth
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dyspareunea
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painful sexual intercourse
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carcinoma of the cervix
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Signs: dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) seen on Pap smear; preinvasive neoplastic lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
Causes: infection with HPV (human papillomavirus) Risk factors: smoking, multiple sexual partners, weakened immune system |
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cervicitis
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inflammation of the cervix, can be chronic
Signs: cervical erosions or ulcerations (raw, red patches on cervical mucosa); leukorrhea Causes: bacerial infection (commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Treatment: after ruling out malignancy, cryocauterization of eroded area and antibiotics |
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endometriosis
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overgrowth, inflammation, and scarification of endomerial tissue
Signs: dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, infertility, dyspareunia Causes: proliferation of menstrual endometrium passing into lumen of fallopian tubes and into peritoneal cavity Treatment: analgesics, hormonal drugs; surgical removal of endometrial tissue; hysterectomy |
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leiomyomata/leiomyomas
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benign uterine fibroid tumors
Signs: metrorrhagia pelvic pain menorrhagia Treatment: hysterectomy; uterin artery embolization (injection of tiny pellets into uterine arteries to block blood flow and shrink fibroids) |
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HPV vaccine
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used to prevent cervical cancer, precancerous genital legions, and genital warts; protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18; recommended for girls age 11-26
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sentinel node biopsy
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used to determine if a tumor has spread to lymph nodes; blue dye or radioisotope is injected into tumor site to track to the sentinel (nearest) axillary lymph nodes
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aromatase inhibitors
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block the production of estrogen by inhibiting aromatase; useful in treating ER-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women; anastrozole (Arimidex), letrozole (Femara)
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her-2/neu
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receptor protein that signals high risk of recurrence of a breast cancer tumor; can be blocked using herceptin (an antibody)
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abruptio placentae
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premature separation of the implanted placenta
Signs: sudden abdominal pain, bleeding Causes: trauma, hypertension/preeclampsia |
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choriocarcinoma
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malignant tumor of the placenta; causes vaginal bleeding and enlarged ovaries
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placenta previa
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implantation of placenta over the cervical opening
Signs: painless bleeding hemorrhage premature labor Can cause: reduce oxygen to fetus risk of hemorrhage to mother risk of infection to mother Treatment: Cesarean delivery |
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preeclampsia
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high blood pressure of pregnancy
Signs: high blood pressure proteinuria edema headache Treatment: magnesium sulfate (to prevent seizure) bed rest/monitoring delivery |
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Apgar score
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Appearance (color); Pulse; Grimace (response to catheter in nostril); Activity (muscle tone); and Respiration
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hyaline membrane disease
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acute lung disease of premature newborn
AKA respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS) Causes: deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for lung function |
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pyloric stenosis
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narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum present at birth
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hysterosalpingography
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X-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes using injected contrast
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LEEP
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loop electrocautery excision procedure; used to diagnose and treat cervical dysplasia or erosion; used to take a cone biopsy
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colposcopy
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examination of vagina and cervix using colposcope
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exenteration
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removal of internal organs within a cavity
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chorionic villus sampling
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CVS
sampling of placental tissue (using a uterine catheter) between 9-12 weeks gestation to make prenatal diagnoses |
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AFP
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alpha-fetoprotein; high levels in amniotic fluid or maternal serum may indicate neurologic birth defects
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ASCUS
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atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; abnorma Pap smear but not a specific lesion
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AUB
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abnormal uterine bleeding
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CA 125
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protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer; normal is 0-35
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DCIS
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ductal carcinoma in situ; precancerous breast lesion
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GnRH
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from pituitary |
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parenchymal tissue
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the essential tissue of an organ
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interstitial cells
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cell in the testis that manufacture testosterone
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stromal tissue
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supportive tissue of an organ
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bulbourethral glands
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lay below the prostate and secrete fluid into the urethra
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balan/o
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penis
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gon/o
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seed
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orch/o
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testis
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teratoma
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benign tumor of the testes or ovaries that contain differing tissues such as hair, bone, cartilage, and skin cells
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azoospermia
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lack of spermatozoa in the semen
Causes: testicular dysfunction, chemotherapy, blockage of the epididymis, and vasectomy |
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-pexy
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fixation, put in place (through surgery)
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vasovasostomy
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reversal of a vasectomy (cut ends of the vas deferens are rejoined)
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testicular cancer (carcinoma of the testes)
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testicular cancer is rare except in males 15- to 35-yo
Types: Seminoma (embryonic cells in testes) Embryonal carcinoma Teratoma Choriocarcinoma Yolk Sac Tumor Signs: elevated hCG and alpha-fetoprotein |
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cryptorchidism
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undescended testicles
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hydrocele
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sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
Causes: response to infection or tumor or can be congenital; sometimes idiopathic |
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varicocele
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enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle; associated with oligospermia and azoospermia
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oligospermia
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low concentration of sperm in semen
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
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benign growth of cells in the prostate gland
Mostly in males >60 Signs: urinary obstruction, inability to empty bladder completely Treatment: transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Finasteride (Proscar) to block testosterone production aplha-blockers to relax smooth muscle of prostate |
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PSA
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Prostate Specific Antigen Test
measure of tumor markers in the bloodstream normal levels are <4.0 ng/mL |
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Carcinoma of the Prostate
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Signs:
elevated PSA (>4.0 ng/mL) findings on DRE abnormal transrectal ultrasound/biopsy CT shows lymph node metastases Treatment: prostatectomy radiation hormonal chemotherapy (antiandrogen hormones) |
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hypospadias
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congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis; 1 in every 300 live male births
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phimosis
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narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
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chlamydial infection
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bacterial infection by Chlamydia trachomatis in the urethra/reproductive tract
Signs Men: w/in 3 weeks of infection: burning on urination white/clear discharge from penis Women: yellowish vag discharge may be asymptomatic |
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gonorrhea
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inflammation of the genital tract mucosa when infected with gonococci bacteria
Signs: dysuria yellow, mucopurulent discharge from male urethra women often asymptomatic or may have pain, vag/urethral discharge, and PID Can affect other mucoa |
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herpes genitalis
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infection of skin and genital mucosa with herpes simplex virus (usually HSV type 2)
Signs: reddening of skin small, fluid-filled blisters/ulcers inguinal lymphadenopathy fever headache malaise remission and relapse occur, no known drug cure neonatal herpes is a complication may cause higher risk of vulvar or cervical cancer |
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human papillomavirus
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infection of skin/,membranes of anogenital region by HPV
Signs: genital warts cervical cancer |
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syphilis
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chronic STD caused by spirochete bacterium
Signs: few weeks after infection: a hard chancre on external genitalia 2-6 months after infection: secondary syphilis; rash on palm of hands years later: tertiary syphilis; damage to brain, spinal cord, and heart Treatment: penicillin |
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photoselective vaporization of the prostate
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Green Light PVP
removal of tissue to treat BPH using a green light laser (laser TURP) |
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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excision of BPH using a resectoscope inserted through the urethra
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial and spinal nerves, plexuses, and peripheral nerves; autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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vagus nerve
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10th cranial nerve; carries messages to and from the neck, chest, and abdomen
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plexus
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large network of nerves in the PNS
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afferent nerves
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sensory nerves (carry stimulus to the brain)
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efferent nerves
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motor nerves (carry stimulus away from brain)
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autonomic nervous system
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nerves of PNS that function involuntarily; carry messages away from brain to heart, intestines, etc.
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sympathetic nerves
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stimulate the body in times of crisis
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parasympathetic nerves
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balance the sympathetic nerves to relax heart rate, BP, etc.
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neuron
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individual nerve cell
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ganglia
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small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord
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glial cells
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stromal tissue of the nervous system
Astrocytes (astroglial cells): star-like, transport waters and salts between capillaries and neurons Microglial cells: small with many dendrites, phagocytes that protect during inflammation Oligodendroglial cells: have few dendrites; form the myelin sheath of the CNS Ependymal cells: lines membranes in the brain/spinal cord where CSF circulates |
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Astrocytes
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type of glial cell that transports water and salts between capillaries and neurons
star-shaped |
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Microglial cells
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small, many dendrite phagocytic glial cells
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Oligodendroglial cells
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few dendrite glial cell that forms the myelin sheath
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Ependymal cells
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glial cell that lines the membranes of the brain/spinal cord where CSF circulates
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cerebrum
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largest part of the brain
the "thinking area" |
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gyri
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folds of nerve cell sheets in the cerebral cortex
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sulci
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grooves between gyri of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex
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frontal lobe
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lobe of brain responsible for though processes, behavior, personality, emotion
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temporal lobe
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lobe of brain responsible for hearing, understanding speech and language
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parietal lobe
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lobe of brain responsible for body sensation, visual and spatial perception
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occipital lobe
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lobe of brain responsible for vision
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thalamus
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part of the brain that processes and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex; maintains awareness and conciousness
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hypothalamus
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part of the brain that controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, fear/pleasure; regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland
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cerebellum
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part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture
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pons
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part of the brainstem that is a bridge between the cerebellum and the cerebrum and the rest of the body
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medulla oblongata
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part of the brainstem that connects the brain to the spinal cord
Contains respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers |
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meninges
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3 layers of connective tissues around brain and spinal cord
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types of meninges
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1) dura matter (outermost): contains dural sinuses with blood; thick, tough membrane
2) arachnoid membrane: attached to other meninges by web-like fibers (with fluid in the subarachnoid space) 3) pia mater: innermost layer of delicate connective tissue and blood |
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lept/o
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thin, slender
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myelomeningocele
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neural tube defect (failure to close) seen in spina bifida
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radicul/o
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nerve root (of spinal nerves)
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thec/o
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sheath (refers to meninges)
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alges/o
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excessive sensitivity to pain
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caus/o
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burning
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-paresis
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weakness
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motor (Broca) aphasia
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patient knows what they want to say but cannot say it
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sensory aphasia
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pt. articulates words easily but uses them inappropriately
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apraxia
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disorder of movement due to something other than weakness
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-sthenia
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strength
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain
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amyloid
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protein found in deposits of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and blood vessels of someone with Alzheimer Disease
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postictal events
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symptoms such as weakness that occur after an epileptic seizure
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune neuromuscular disorder w/ weakness of voluntary muscles
antibodies block acetylcholine from transmitting the nervous impulse Signs: ptosis of upper eyelid double vision (diplopia) facial weakness |
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cerebrovascular accident
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stroke; cerebral infarction
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types of stroke
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1) thrombotic: blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain, causing occlusion of the vessel; often caused by atherosclerosis; may be preceded by TIAs
2) embolic: embolus (dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel 3) hemorrhagic: broken blood vessel causes bleeding |
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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TIA
short episodes of neurologic disfunction that may occur during the gradual blockage of blood vessels before a thrombotic stroke |
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tissue plasminogen activator
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tPA
anticoagulant used to treat thrombotic strokes |
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myelography
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x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast into subarachnoid space; now largely replaced by CT/MRI
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positron emission tomography
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PET scan
radioactive glucose is injected and scanned in the brain to see metabolic activity of cells |
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electroencephalography
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EEG
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sterotactic radiosurgery
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targeted (Gamma Knife) surgery in the brain
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hemiparesis
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weakness to one side of the bpdy
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endothelium
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innermost layer of cells in arteries; secrete factors affecting artery growth and clotting
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diastole
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relaxation phase of the heartbeat; ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins; tricuspid and mitral valves are open, pulmonary and aortic valves are closed
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systole
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contraction phase of the heartbeat; walls of ventricles contract to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta; tricuspid and mitral valves are closed to prevent blood backflow into atria
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S1
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"lubb" sound of the heartbeat (the first part); closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at beginning of systole
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S2
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"dubb" sound of the heartbeat (second part); closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole
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angi/o
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vessel
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arther/o
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yellowish plaque
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atri/o
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atrium (upper heart)
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle
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brachycardia
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heart rate slower than 60 bpm
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normal pulse rate
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60-80 bpm
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tachycardia
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pulse rate over 100 bpm
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cyan/o
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blue
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cyanosis
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bluish discoloration of the skin indicating diminished O2 content
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hypoxia
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diminished oxygen in tissues
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mitral valvulitis
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inflammation caused by inadequate treatment of streptococcal infection (rheumatic fever); autoimmune reaction leads to inflammation and damage to heart valves
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arther/o
vs. arteri/o vs. arthr/o |
yellowish plaque
vs. artery vs. joint |
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arrhythmias
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problems with the conduction of electricity in the heart
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bradycardia/artrioventricular block
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failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
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flutter
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rapid, regular heart rhythm up to 300 bpm
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fibrillation
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very rapid, random, inefficient, irregular contractions of the heart (350 bpm)
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CoA (coarctation of the aorta)
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narrowing of the aorta
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PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
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the passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
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septal defects
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small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
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tetralogy of Fallot
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congenital malformation with 4 defects:
1) pulmonary artery stenosis 2) ventricular septal defect 3) shift of the aorta to the right 4) hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
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bruit (broo-E)
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abnormal heart sound or murmur heard on auscultation; may have accompanying trill (vibration)
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity
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BNP test
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measurement of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in blood; elevated in patients with heart failure, CHF with dyspnea, other acute coronary syndromes
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Cardiac biomarkers
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chemicals measured in the blood that indicate a heart attack
troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) |
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computed tomography angiography
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3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using a CT scan
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digital subtraction angiography
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video/computer images (via xrays with contrast) of blood vesels
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electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
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electron beams and CT used to id calcium deposits in coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD
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coronary artery calcium score
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indicate risk of heart attack and stroke derived using EBT:
0-99 low risk 100-399 intermediate risk >400 high risk (nearly 25% chance in next 10 years) |
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echocardiography
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echoes from high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart; may be transesophageal
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percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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catheter inserted into coronary artery, used to introduce stents
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