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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chem struc of epinephrine:
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amine
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chem struc of vasopressin:
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polypeptide
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chem struc of growth hormone:
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protein
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chem struc of insulin
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protein
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chem struc of T4
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thyroid hormone
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chem struc of testosterone:
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steroid
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chem struc of prostaglandins:
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arachidonic acid derivatives
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what hormones are in insulin family?
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insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2, relaxin
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what hormones in growth hormone family?
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growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen
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what hormones in glycoprotein hormone fam?
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TSH, LH, FSH, human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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do endocrine glands have ducts?
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no
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what can hormones be stimulated by?
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humoral
neural hormonal |
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what hormones usually travel free in blood?
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amines
peptides proteins |
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what hormones usually travel bound to transport proteins?
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steroids
thyroid hormones |
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what are some exs of proteins that bind hormones?
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thyroid hormone binding globulin
cortisol binding globulin |
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give an ex of protein that is bound to a protein.
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insulin-like growth factors: IGFs
and GH bound to GH binding protein |
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what can affect the rate of hormone clearance?
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carrier proteins
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what's the half life of thyroid hormone?
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~1 day
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what's half life of peptide/protein?
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min - hrs
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what's the metabolic clearance rate?
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volume of plasma cleared out of hormone / unit time
(mL/min) |
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what's the half-life in relation to metabolic clearance rate?
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half life α 1/MCR
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what are hormones cleared by?
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liver and kidneys
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how much hormone is degraded?
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almost all
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does T4 or T3 bind receptors?
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T3
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what converts T4 --> T3?
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deiodinase
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what converts testosterone --> dihydrotestosterone?
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5-alpha reductase
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what's the common regulatory mech of endocrine control systems?
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negative feedback
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how does positive feedback work?
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carries on until stimulus stops
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what's an ex of positive feedback?
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suckling at nipple --> neuro signal --> brain --> posterior pituitary --> oxytocin --> milk ejection at breast
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how are endocrine systems controlled?
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negative feedback
positive feedback inhibitory control metabolic control feed forward control |
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how does inhibitory control work?
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by suppressing inhibitory hormone --> target hormone release
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ex. of inhibitory control?
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prolactin release is blocked by dopamine from hypothalamus... inhibit dopamine --> prolactin release
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how does metabolic control work?
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hormones must be converted to active form
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ex. of metabolic control?
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testosterone --> dihydrotestosterone
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ex. of feed forward control?
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when eat glucose-rich meal, secretory cells in GI tract mucosa releases gastric inhibitory peptide --> signals pancreas to secrete insulin
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what is the diff b/w prolactin and oxytocin?
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prolactin: milk synthesis & lactation
oxytocin: milk ejection |
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are signaling pathways for hormones amplification or no amplification?
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both
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what are some exs. of receptor/second messenger pathways?
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cAMP
IP3 MAP kinase JAK/STAT |
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what are some exs. of nuclear receptors?
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thyroid hormone receptor
estrogen receptor (steroid hormone receptor) |
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what are nuclear receptors?
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transcription factors that regulate gene activity
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where does estrogen receptor bind?
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in nucleus
at enhancer on estrogen response element |
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what are the two main types of antibody-based hormone assays?
and exs? |
competition assay (saturation analysis)
ex: radioimmunoassay sandwich assay (immunometric analysis) ex: immunoradiometric assay, ELISA, immunocolorimetric assay |
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What are important reagants for radioimmunoassay?
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high affinity & specific antibody
unlabeled hormone labeled hormone |
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which part of curve in radioimmunoassay is the most accurate?
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linear part of standard curve
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which assay is more sensitive and faster?
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sandwich assay/immunometric analysis
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what are some functions the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is responsible for?
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growth
metabolism reproduction stress response lactation |
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where does the anterior pituitary and intermediate lobe originate from?
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oral ectoderm:
roof of primitive mouth |
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where does posterior pituitary originate from?
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neuroectoderm:
base of developing diencephalon |
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what makes up the adenohypophysis?
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intermediate lobe
anterior lobe both of pituitary gland |
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what makes up the neurohypophysis?
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posterior lobe of pituitary
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what are the anterior pituitary hormones?
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growth hormone
prolactin ACTH TSH LH FSH |
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what is secreted by corticotropes?
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ACTH
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what is secreted by somatotropes?
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growth hormone
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what is secreted by gonadotropes?
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LH
FSH |
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what is secreted by thyrotropes?
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TSH
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what is secreted by lactotropes?
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prolactin
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which anterior pituitary hormones are 204 aa?
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TSH
LH FSH |
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which anterior pituitary hormone is 191 aa?
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growth hormone
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which anterior pituitary hormone is 198 aa?
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prolactin
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which anterior pituitary hormone is 39 aa?
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ACTH
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what does growth hormone regulate?
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linear growth
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what does prolactin regulate?
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lactation
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what does ACTH regulate?
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adrenal func
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what does TSH regulate?
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thyroid gland func
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what does LH regulate?
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corpus luteum formation
estrogen/progesteron secretion androgen secretion |
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what does FSH regulate?
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ovarian follicle growth
spermatogenesis |
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what systems make up hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
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parvocellular neurosecretory
magnocellular secretory |
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what do both the parvocellular neurosecretory system and magnocellular secretory system deal with?
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paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
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which system regulates posterior pit?
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magnocellular secretory system
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which system regulates anterior pit?
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parvocellular neurosecretory system
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what are components of parvocellular neurosecretory system?
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-paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
-arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus -medial preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus |
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what are components of magnocellular secretory system?
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-paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
-supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus |
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which pituitary part has direct neural conn?
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posterior pituitary
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which pituitary part has lots of vasculature ?
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anterior pituitary
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what hormones do neurons make?
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arginine vasopressin/ADH
oxytocin |
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what receptors does oxytocin act on?
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nipple touch
uterine cervix stretch |
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what is the result of oxytocin action?
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milk ejection
uterine contraction |
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what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
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arginine vasopressin/ADH
oxytocin |
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where is oxytocin procesed?
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on the way to the posterior pituitary
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what pathway does oxytocin activate?
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IP3/Ca2+ pathways
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what type of receptor recognizes oxytocin?
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G-protein coupled membrane receptor
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what's the result of oxytocin connecting to the receptor?
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calcium rises
kinases activated myosin/actin contraction stimulated |
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are oxytocin and AVP/ADH made ready to go or as a precursor?
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precursor
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what stimulates AVP/ADH secretion?
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rise in blood osmolality
decreased blood volume |
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what are AVP/ADH roles?
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-water conservation
-promotes ACTH secretion -promotes liver to: glycogen --> glucose-6-phosphate -memory func in brain? |
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what type of receptors for vasopressin?
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G protein coupled membrane receptors
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what pathway is activated by VR1?
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IP3/Ca2+
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what tissue does VR1 act on?
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all except kidney
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what pathway is activated by VR2?
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cAMP
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what tissue does VR2 act on?
action? |
kidney:
leads to aquaporin insertion in membrane |
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how are hormones replaced if defective/missing?
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small: oral (TH, estrogen, AVP)
big: injection (insulin, GH) |
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what are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
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polydipsia
polyuria |
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what are the 2 types of diabetes insipidus?
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1) central: pituitary/hypothalamic AVP defect
2) peripheral: kidney unresponsive to AVP |
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what can problem be with central diabetes insipidus?
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mutated AVP genes
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what can problem be w/ peripheral diabetes insipidus?
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-mutated kidney AVP receptor genes
-mutated aquaporin genes |
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what is tx for central diabetes insipidus?
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nasal spray w/ AVP
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what is tx for peripheral diabetes insipidus?
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antidiuretic:
chlorpropamide (sulphylourea) -inc kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP |
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what are the posterior pituitary diseases?
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-diabetes insipidus
-syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion |
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what can cause inappropriate ADH secretion?
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anaesthetics
drugs (nicotine, narcotics) tumors that secrete ADH |
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what is symptom of SIADH?
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water retention:
mild- no symp severe- convulsions, coma, death |
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what is tx for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?
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-control H2O intake
-if severe, give renal poisons --> induce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ex: demeclocycline |
