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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 Types of Neurons
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Unipolar
Pseudo-Unipolar Bipolar Mulitpolar |
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Unipolar Neuron
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-Single process extends from the soma
-not found in fully developed humans -found commonly in invertebrates |
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Pseudo-Unipolar Neurons
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-single process from the soma that immediatley divides into two
-sensory neurons of spinal nerves and of most cranial nerves (except: I, II, VIII) -peripheral axon typically connects to sensory receptors |
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Bipolar Neuron
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-two processes emerge from soma
-found only in the PNS -assoc. with CN I, II, VIII (smell: olfactory mucosa, vision: retina, hearing: spiral ganglion, balance: vestibular ganglion) |
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Multipolar Neurons
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-more than two processes emerge from soma
-majority of all neurons -functions in sensory, motor, and autonomic systems -ex. perkinje neurons, pyramidal neurons |
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Nervous System Divisions
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-CNS
-PNS |
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PNS Divisions
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-Somatic division: Motor and Sensory Nerves
-Autonomic Division: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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CNS Divisions
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-Brain
-Spinal Cord: white and gray matter |
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Brain divisions
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-Forebrain
-Midbrain -Hindbrain |
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Hindbrain
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-cerebellum
-pons -medulla |
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Midbrain
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-Superior Colliculus
-Inferior Colliculus -Composed of: tegmentum, tectum, 4th ventricle, cerebral aquaduct |
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Forebrain
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-telencephalon: neocortex, hippocampus, internal capsule
-diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
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Orientation of CNS
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Rostral, Caudal, Ventral Dorsal
Directions bend with the neuraxis |
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The Nervous System is
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Bilateral and "loosly" symmetric
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Ridges
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Gyri (gyrus)
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Grooves
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Suli (sulcus)
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longitudinal fissure
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-also called midsagittal fissure
-down center (midsagittal plane) of brain seperating left and right hemispheres |
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Central Sulcus
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Divides Frontal and Parietal Lobes
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Sylvian Fissure
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-aka lateral sulcus
-divides frontal and temporal lobes |
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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-divides parietal and occipital lobes
-ends at pre-occipital notch |
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Precentral Gyrus
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-involved with starting motor movements
-motor area for language |
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temporal lobe, general functions
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-audition
-language comprehension -memory |
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Parietal Lobe, general functions
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-somatosensation
-lobe of association |
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Occipital Lobe, general
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-vision
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Cerebellum, general
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-balance
-motor control -corrects for motor error |
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calcarene fissure/sulcus
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-first stop for visual
-primary visual cortex -located in occipital lobe |
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Corpus Callosum
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-connects left and right sides of the brain, through axons
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Cingulate Gyrus
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-memory
-surrounds corpus callosum |
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Insular Lobe/Cortex
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-Involved with addictive behavior
-emotional drives for behavior -medial to sylvian fissure |
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Hippocampus
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-consolidation of memory
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Prosencephalon
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-developes into forebrain
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Mesencephalon
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-developes into midbrain
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Rhombencephalon
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-developes into hindbrain
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Metencephalon
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-pons and cerebellum
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Myelencephalon
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-Medulla
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Collections of Cell Bodies
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CNS: gray matter, nuclei, body, locus, substantia
PNS: ganglion |
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Bundles of Axons
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CNS: white matter, capsule, brachium, peduncle, tract, commissure
PNS: nerve |
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Astrocytes
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Functions:
-physical support -forms scar tissue in CNS -aids to remove excess waste and ions (K+) -removes NTs from synapse -contribute to the blood-brain barrier with a perivascular endfoot |
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Oligodendrocytes
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-Only in CNS
-Found mainly in white matter -produce myelin around axons -one can provide myelin for up to 50 axons |
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Myelin
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-segments do not touch, space b/w is Nodeof Ranvier
-formed in tight concentric layers of cell membrane -insulates the axon and speeds up action potential -consists of: 70% lipids, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and protein zero |
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Microglia
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-macrophage, remove damaged tissue through phagocytosis
-always present in CNS, number increases with damage -after injury, remove damaged tissue, then scar tissue placed by astrocytes |
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Ependymal Cells
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-line cavaties of the brain and spinal cord
-circulate CSF |
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Schwann Cells
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-Only in PNS
-Functions: Support, act as macrophage, protects axon, myelination -one cell per myelin segment, or -one cell can engulf several axons without myelination -produce a basement membrane around themselves |
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Satellite Cells
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-Protects neuronal bodies
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