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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sympathetic function
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dilates pupil, stimulates sweat glad secretion, heart rate increases, force of ventricular contraction increases, dilates/constricts blood vessels, dilates bronchial tubes, inhibits gastrointestinal tract, stimulates adrenaline, ejaculation
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Parasympathetic function
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contracts pupil/ciliary muscle, stimulates lacrimal & salivary gland, decreases heart rate, force of ventricular contraction decreases, constricts bronchial tubes, stimulates gastrointestinal tract, contracts urinary bladder, erection
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter released from preganglionic nerve fiber of parasymp/symp NS, and postganglionic nerve fibers of parasymp NS/non-muscarinic exocrine/sweat glands
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Acetylcholinesterase
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enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid
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Anticholinesterase
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compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterases, accumulation of acetylcholine in synapse
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Cholinergic
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related to effects on nerve fibers that use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter (nicotinic/muscarinic/non-muscarinic exocrine receptors)
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Cholinomimetic
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having action similar to acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve fibers
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Muscarinic effects
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producing effects that resemble post-ganglionic parasympathetic receptor stimulation
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Parasympathomimetic
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compounds (acetylcholine, choline esters, muscarine, pilocarpine, arecoline, physostigmine) whose actions have effect similar to stimulation of parasympathetic NS, similar to cholinomimetic, can be agnistic or inactivate acetylcholinesterase (accumulation in synapse enhances receptors)
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Sympathomimetic
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compounds (exogenous epinephrine, ephedrine, cocaine) whose actions have stimulation similar to that of sympathetic NS
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Adrenergic
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related to effects on nerve cells in ANS that use norepinephrine, mimic sympathetic NS
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Norepinephrine
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post-ganglionic adrenergic neurohormone
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Adrenomimetic
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compounds (ephedrine, cocaine) that have similar effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine
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Nicotinic effect
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actions produced by endogenous acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors, can also be from exogenous nicotine
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Muscarinic effect
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resembles postganglionic parasympathetic receptor stimulation by acetylcholine, resembled by exogenous muscarine, pilocarpine, arecoline, physostigmine
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Adrenergic effect
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on nerve cells in sympathetic NS that use norepinephrine, like exogenous ephedrine or cocaine
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Adrenal medulla
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stimulated to release epinephrine/norepinephrine into blood, contributes to fight or flight sympathetic response
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Somatic NS
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heavily myelinated, uses acetylcholine at nicotinic receptor
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Sympathetic system
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lightly myelinated pre-ganglion, non-myelinated post-ganglion, acetylcholine at nicotinic receptor, norepinephrine at adrenergic receptor
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Parasympathetic system
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lightly myelinated pre-ganglion, non-myelinated post-ganglion, acetylcholine at nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptor
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AMANITA MUSCARIA
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(amanita inocybe & clitocybe also), common name = amanita, fly agaric muschroom, Siberia/North America, mushroom eaten by Siberian people as hallucinogen (chemicals = ibotenic acid, muscimole, muscazone), dried mushrooms repel flies, active compound = muscarine --> powerful parasympathomimetic agent (sweating, salivation, nausea, hypotension, etc), medical uses = understanding muscarinic receptors, antedote = atropine
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Amanita location/use
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muscarine, Siberia, hallucinogen and dried mushrooms repel flies
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muscarine effect
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causes sweating and parasympathetic response
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PILOCARPUS JABORANDI/MICROPHYLLUS
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active compound = pilocarpine, common name = jaborandi (slobber mouth), wet forests of Tropical America, West Indies, uses = Tupi culture in Brazil chew leaves to induce salivation/sweating (for cleansing), Mech = parasympathomimetic agent (strong postganglionic agonist at muscarine receptor [salivation, sweating, pupil constriction], mild nicotinic ganglionic receptor agonist, smooth muscle stimulation [pupil construction + reduction in intraocular pressure), Uses = topical application to eye constricts pupils (pressure from glaucoma), treats dry mouth, reduce morphine side-effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), antidote = atropine
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Jaborandi location/use
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Tupi culture in Brazil, induce sweating/salivation for cleansing
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Pilocarpine effect
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causes sweating and salivation and parasympathetic response
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ARECA CATECHU
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betelnut/areca nut, wet forests of South Asia, Indomalasia, Oceania, originated in SULAWESI, Uses = increase salivary/intestinal secretions, energizer, antihelminthic (treats intestinal worms), active compound = ARECOLINE (aceclidine, tx for glaucoma) and NIPECOTIC ACID (gabitril, tx for seizures), Mech: arecoline = agonist at muscarinic receptor, agonist at nicotinic ganglionic receptor, aceclidine = agonist at muscarinic receptors, gabitril (GABA) = GABA reuptake inhibitor in CNS, increases GABA levels at receptor, red from nuts gets ingrained in lips
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Betelnut location/use
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south asia and oceania, originated in Sulawesi, increase salivary/intestinal secretions, energizer
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Arecoline effect
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betelnut, agonist at muscarinic receptor, agonist at nicotinic ganglionic receptor, for glaucoma, causes sweating and parasympathetic response
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Aceclidine
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betelnut, agonist at muscarinic receptors, treatment for glaucoma
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Nipecotic acid
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betelnut, gabitril, treatment for seizures, GABA reuptake inhibitor in CNS, increases GABA levels at receptor
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PHYSOSTIGMA VENOSUM
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calabar, ordeal, esere bean, rainforests of West Africa (Fabaceae), Efik ppl of Calabar region of Nigeria, Ethno Uses = dry beans as protection against witchcraft, Mech = inhibits acetylcholinestrase: stimulates muscarinic receptor (also in CNS), sweat gland receptors, ganglionic receptors, skeletal muscle receptors, smooth muscle in intestines/bladder, PHYSOSTIGMINE [glaucoma + antedote for atropine] (neostigmine, rivastigmine), NEOSTIGMINE (pyridostigmine, demercarium [intestinal stimulant, tx for muscle weakness], edrophonium [diagnose/tx myasthenia, muscle weakness])
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Physostigma location/use
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rainforests of West Africa (Fabaceae), Efik ppl of Calabar region of Nigeria, protection against witchcraft
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Physostigmine effects
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inhibits acetylcholinestrase: stimulates muscarinic receptor (also in CNS), sweat gland receptors, ganglionic receptors, skeletal muscle receptors, smooth muscle in intestines/bladder
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Neostigmine
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intestinal stimulant, tx for muscle weakness
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Mesopotamia
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Iraq, medical info on clay tablets, physicians in 3000 BC, Babylonian legal code describing fees for medical practice, plant medicines like opium/henbane/hellebore, sewage systems, lepers isolated
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Egypt
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Imhotep = great physician, named god of medicine after him (one who walked in peace), great physicians throughout history, 4 elements = earth water fire air, Kahun papyrus = gynecology/veterinary medicine, Ebers Papyrus = medical textbook from 1550 BC, how to diagnose/prognose/treat/examine patients, surgical techniques
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Islam
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Arabic too, developed in Islamic golden age, many great medical thinkers, Canon of Medicine = encyclopedia of medicine in 5 books by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), many translations from Arabic
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Unani
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Greek Medicine, traditions of Hippocrates and Galen, developed from Arab/Persian physicians
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ATROPA BELLADONNA
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belladonna, Europe/Asia Minor, Ethno uses = intestinal antispasmodic, dilates pupils, hallucinogen, “witch brews”, active compounds = ATROPINE (ipatropium bromide): anticholinergic @ muscarinic receptors, cardiac/pupil effects, tx bradycardia/insecticide poisoning, SCOPOLAMINE: anticholinergic @ muscarinic receptors, penetrates CNS better than atropine, stronger effects, hallucinations, POISONING: dry mouth, change in CNS mentation, fast heart rate, dilated pupils, synthetic opiate, bronchodilator to tx asthma, antedote = physostigmine
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Atropa belladonna location/use
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Europe, intestinal antispasmodic, dilates pupils, hallucinogen
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Atropine
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direct antagonist at muscarinic receptor, opposite effect of parasympathetic response except sweating decreases
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Scopolamine
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direct antagonist at muscarinic receptor, penetrates CNS better than atropine, opposite effect of parasympathetic response except sweating decreases
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HYOSCYAMUS NIGER/MUTICUS
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henbane, niger = Eurasia, N Africa, muticus = India to Egypt, CA, Ethno Uses = intestinal antispasmodic, mydriatic, enebriant, hallucinogen, active compounds = ATROPINE [pupil dilator, asthma, intestinal antispasmodic], scopolamine [pupil dilator, motion sickness
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MANDRAGORA OFFICINARUM
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mandrake, Europe to Himalaya mountains, used by European/Asian cultures, witch brews in middle ages, southern Europe myth that plant screams when pulled from ground, Ethno uses = intestinal antispasmodic, hallucinogen, active compounds = scopolamine, atropine
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BRUGMANSIA
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trumpet flower, South America, Ethno uses = sacred psychoactive drug, hallucinations, active compound = scopolamine
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DATURA STRAMONIUM
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datura, Jimson weed, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, N America, Ethno uses = sacred psychogenic/hallucinogenic uses, asthma, active compounds = atropine/scopolamine
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LOBELIA INFLATA
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Indian tobacco, N America (native americans), Ethno uses = respiratory expectorant, for chest conditions, active compound = alpha-lobeline, Mech: exogenous agonist which enhances nicotinic ganglionic receptors
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NICOTIANA TABACUM
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tobacco, originated in S America, Ethno uses: smoked/snorted as sacred enebriant & CNS stimulant, active compound = nicotine, Mech = CNS stimulant by increasing dopamine levels, enhances autonomic nicotinic ganglia receptors at juncture of pre/post ganglionic neurons, IN HIGH DOSES can cause ganglionic blockade [stimulatory phase (constriction of capillaries, increase BP, sweating), paralytic phase (decrease in BP resulting in shock)] by persistent depolarization of receptors, causing receptor shut down, Therapeutic uses: nicotine patch (nicotine withdrawal), chewing = athletic enhancement, improves short term memory
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Neuromuscular blocking agents
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act directly at somatic motor receptors of striated muscle by competing with/raising threshold for acetylcholine action, D-tubocurarine and toxiferine
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CHONDRODENDRON TOMENTOSUM
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curare/pareira root/pareira brava, vine in S American rainforests, Ethno use: make poison arrows for hunting by Amazonian indigenous groups, active compound = D-tubocurarine, Mech = acts at somatic motor receptors of striated muscle, raises threshold for ACH action, highly innervated muscles paralyzed first, respiratory muscles paralyzed last, low BP, circulatory collapse, Use = muscle relaxant during surgery, Antedote = Physostigmine, many derivatives of tubocurarine
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STRYCHNOS TOXIFERA
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tropical S American rainforest, bark used to make poison arrows, active compound = toxiferine, Mech = acts at somatic motor receptor of striated muscle to block receptors, Use = muscle relaxant used during surgery
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Botulinum toxin
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bacteria produces toxin that inhibits release of ACH from nerve terminus at somatic/muscarinic/sweat receptors, lethal in blood stream, BOTOX used to treat wrinkles/sweating/strabismus
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Chinese medicine
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early medical tx/books, yin/yang, 5 elements (earth metal wood fire water), 5 = sacred number for everything, disease = disharmony among 5 organs, diagnosis by pulse type/tongue color, physiotherapy, tai chi, many Chinese medicine schools/hospitals today where plants are prescribed, traditions practiced in USA/Europe too
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Dopamine
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produced in brain, neurohormone released by hypothalamus, endogenous doesn’t leave CNS, given as pharmaceutical to enhance SNS to increase heart rate/BP
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Norepinephrine
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hormone (when released by adrenal medulla to blood stream)/neurotransmitter (CNS and SNS), affects adrenergic areas, synthesized from dopamine, in CNS: produce alertness and arousal, nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, triggers fight or flight response (increased heart rate, glucose release from stores, increase blood flow, constricts blood vessels)
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Epinephrine
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adrenaline, produced by adrenal glands from 2 amino acids (phenylalaline and tyrosine), participates in fight/flight response (increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages), nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, induced by stressful conditions
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EPHEDRA SINICA
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Ma Huang, China, Ethno uses
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Ephedrine effect
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sympathetic response without sweating, increases release of norepinephrine
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Ayurvedic medicine
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Indian vedic period = thru 800 BC, written down in 4 Sanskrit books, well developed surgery, doctors = very spiritual, no money, gave oath upon starting practice, Brahmanic period = 800 BC – 1000 AD: Buddhism helped establish more hospitals, development of medical techniques/philosophies, great written classics of medicine written, 6 chakras, 5 principles (earth sky water air fire), disease = imbalance b/w humors and elements, urine analysis, oral cavity diseases, recognition of seasonal diseases, disease ecology, Susruta philosophy that tx should be stronger than disease/patient, surgical reconstruction, hypnosis as anesthetic, many clinics today
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Siddha medicine
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S India, perfected being with superhuman powers, 10 Siddhas, 6 chakras, 5 elements, urine analysis, humoral concepts, texts written in Tamil language, Kaya Kalpa technique = rejuvanation via yoga, breathing exercises, minerals/salts, many hospitals/clinics present today in India
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Reserpine (Sandril)
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Mech = binds storage vesicles in peripheral adrenergic neurons, causes release of norepinephrine then destruction, damages vesicles, takes a while to wear off, very strong
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RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA
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rauvolfia, India/Indomalasia, Ethno in Ayurvedic medicine = sedative, tranquilizer, antipsychotic, antihypertensive, active compound = reserpine, Mech = damages storage vesicles in nerve terminus, decreases norepinephrine in synapse
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