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394 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which spp of trypansome is responsible for acute sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
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Which spp of trypansome is responsible for chronic sleeping sickness?
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T.b. gambiense
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Which spp of trypansome is responsible for Chagas?
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T. cruzi
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Which spp of trypansome is non-pathogenic?
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T. rangeli
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What is the Taxonomy of tsetse flies?
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Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Diptera, Glossinidae, Glossina
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of tsetse flies?
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hatchet shaped cell in middle of wing, setae on antennae
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What is the taxonomy for triatomines?
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K:Animalia, P:Arthropoda, C:Insecta, O:Hemiptera, F:Reduviidae, subfam:Triatominae
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What are the three genera of sub family Triatominae we are learning about?
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Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus
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What are the characteristics of the Hemiptera order?
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membranous wings, mouthparts adapted for sucking, (the proboscis has 3 segments for blood suckers and 4 for plant feeders), no setae on wings
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What are the characteristics of the Family Reduviidae?
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wings present on adults (not on immatures), 3 segmented proboscis (fits in groove on ventral side), 4 segmented antennae, 2 ocelli, head elongated
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What is the taxonomy for bedbugs?
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K:Animalia, P:Arthropoda, C:Insecta, O:Hemiptera, F:Cimicidae, G:Cimex
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What are the characteristics of Cimex?
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dorosventrally flattened, wing pads (no wings), proboscis
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Where are tsetse flies (Glossina) located?
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sub-Saharan Africa (10N-20S)
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What type of climate do the Glossina Moristans group prefer?
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savannah areas (low population)
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What are the most important spp of the G moristans group?
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G moristans (most widespread), G swynnertoni, G pallidides
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What type of climate do the Glossina palpalis group prefer?
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riverine/forest
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What are the most important spp in the G palpalis group?
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G palpalis, G fuscipes, G tachinoides
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Describe larvae development of the tsetse
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egg develops inthe female and undergoes 3 instars, female must feed ever 2-3 days, Lavae dev takes 9 days, 3rd instar deposted in soil, larva pupates in puparium (4-5 wks)
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What is the distinguishing features of the tsetse larvae?
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peripheustic lobes for respiration; they look like mickey mouse ears
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when do tsetse flies feed?
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diurnal
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What attracts Tsetse flies (Glossina)
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dark moving objects (sight and olfaction important)
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At what height do 50% of G palpalis and moristans rest?
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between ground level and 30 cm
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what does T. brucei brucei cause
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Nagana (cattle)
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Where is the sleeping sickness considered an epidemic?
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Angola, DRC, Uganda, Sudan
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Where is there high endemnicity for sleeping sickness?
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Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Guinea, Mozambique, Tanzania, Chad
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What are the reservoirs for Gambian Sleeping Sickness?
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Humans and domestic pigs
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What is a trypanosomal chancre?
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earliest sign of sleeping sickness. Painless, nodule that contains dividing trypanosomes
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does insect repellant work for tsetse?
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no
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What should you wear to protect from tsetse?
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thick clothes that are khaki or olive colored. They are attracted to bright and dark colors
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Why should you not ride in back of trucks?
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tsetse are attracted to the dust and movement
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do bed nets keep tsetse flies from biting
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although the tsetse are diurnal, bednets can help depending on when you wake up
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Why should you inspect vehicles before entering?
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tsetse flies like to hangout inside them
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How do you control for sleeping sickness?
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destroy the adult stage of the vector, clear vegetation around living areas, spray along paths, treat domestic animals with synthetic pyrethroid, traps/targets
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Which two categories for triatomine ecology are most important to human transmission?
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well adapted to human habitation,
adapted to houses with many natural habitats |
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Which categories are most important in enzootic cycle and maintenance?
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wild with some breeding in houses,
wild and only occasionally in houses, totally wild |
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What are hemelytron?
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leathery forewings found on triatomines
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What are the characteristics of the order Hemiptera?
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Hemelytron (leathery forewing), Segmented proboscis, flexed under head when not in use, simple metamorphosis (all instars take liquid food)
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what are some examples of bugs in the Order Hemiptera Family Reduviidae?
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assassin bugs, kissing bugs, conenose bugs
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What are some distinguishing characteristics of non blood sucking bugs in the Reduviidae family?
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Heavy, curved proboscis, antennae arise from dorsal surface of head rather than sides
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give the order, family and subfamily of kissing bugs
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Order: Hemiptera
Family: Reduvuudae Subfam: Triatominae |
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What are important genera in the Triatominae sub family?
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Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus
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Where do kissing bugs (subfamily Triatominae) deposit egss?
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singly or in groups near habitation of host (cracks in walls, rodent burrows)
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What type of lifecycle do Kissing bugs (Order: Hemiptera, Family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae) have?
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Hemimetabolous with 5 nymphal instars, blood needed for each moult
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When do Kissing bugs (Order: Hemiptera, Family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae) usually feed?
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at night for 10-30 minutes
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What do Kissing bugs (Order: Hemiptera, Family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae) usually feed on?
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exposed skin of sleeping host
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What is the range for Triatoma infestans?
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Brazil, Argentina, lower half of S Amer
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What is the range for Rhodnius prolixus?
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extreme northern S Amer and small part of Central Amer. Introduced there by accident
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What is the causative agent of Chagas?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Which bugs transmit trypanosoma cruzi?
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Triatominae subfamily
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What are the important vectors of chagas?
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Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma dimidiata
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What stages of Trypanosoma cruzi occur in the human host?
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metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes, trypomatigotes
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What stages of Trypanosoma cruzi occur in the triatomine bug?
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trypomastigote, epomastigote, metacyclic trypomastigote.
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Where does the epimastigote multiply and develop in the triatomine?
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in the midgut
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Where is the metacyclic trypomastigote in the triatomine?
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hindgut
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Which stage of trypanosoma cruzi is intracellular?
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amastigote
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What are some non-human reservoirs of chagas?
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opossums, armadillos
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What are the clinical signs of chagas?
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A local lesion at the site of inoculation. acute phase usually asymptomatic, but can present fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, mild Change to chronic pahse in 2-3 months
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What % of people infected with chagas develop chronic symptoms?
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30%, may take years or decades
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What is the absolute confirmation of acute chagas infection?
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Xenodiagnosis: process to diagnose an infectious disease by exposing tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of a microorganism or pathogen.[1]
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What are other means of transmitting Chagas?
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Blood transfusion, Congential transmission, eating contaminated food
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What are the important spp of triatomines in the eastern US, incl LA?
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Triatoma sanguisuga
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What are the important spp of triatomines in TX and NM?
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Triatoma gerstaeckeri
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What are the important spp of triatomines in AZ and CA?
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Triatoma rubida and Triatoma protracta
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What is the taxonomy of bed bugs?
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Order: Hemiptera, Family: Cimicidae, Genus: Cimex
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What is the most widespread sp of bed bugs?
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Cimex lectularius
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What type of life cycle do Cimex (bedbugs) display?
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Hemimetabolous, 5 instars
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What types of ectoparasite host associations are there?
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temporary, periodic, permanent
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What kind of specialization has occurred in both permanent and periodic ectoparasites?
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small size, modified body shape, reduction or loss of wings, reduction of mouthparts, antennae and eyes
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Where does Glossina palpalis occur?
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only in West Africa
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which fly spp has branch of hairs on the antennae
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Glossina
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How do you distinguish tsetse flies (Glossinidae) from other flies?
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Hatchet cell in wing and a rigid forward proboscis
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How do you sex glossina flies?
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tip of abdomen, male has knob like appearance on underside
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What do Glossina moristans feed on in East africa? in West Africa?
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in east Africa on bovids and wild pigs, in west africa on wathogs
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What make tsetse flies unique
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They do not lay eggs, the deposit larvae
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How often do adult tsetse flies feed?
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every 2-3 days, but in cooler climates only10 days
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how many instars does the larvae pass in the adult glossina?
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3
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How do you distinguish the larvae of the glossina?
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they have "mickey mouse" ears (ppolyneustic lobes)
they are used for respiration |
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how many offspring do the tsetse fly typically produce in a life?
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5-8, but 20 in labs
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Where do tsetse flies rest during the day? Night?
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Day: twigs, branches, trunks (below 36 degrees) Night: upper surface of leaves
Most spp rest below 4m, in Nigeria (G palpalis & moristans), 50% rest btw ground and 30cm |
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How many groups can glissina be separated to?
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3: Fusca (forest), Moristans (savannah), palpalis (riverine and forest
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The fusca group of glossina occurs where?
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in equatorial forests of west and central africa NOT A VECTOR OF SLEEPING SICKNESS
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Where does the moristans group of glossina occur?
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drier resgions, Not a vector in W Africa
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which stages of the Trypanosoma brucei spp occur in the human
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only trypomastigotes
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What stages of the Trypanosoma brucie spp occur in the tsetse?
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trypomastigote and epimastigote epimastigotes multiply in the salivary glands
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where do trypomastigotes mulitply in the tsetse?
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in the ectoperitrophic space
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What are the most important vectors of T brucei gambiense?
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G palpalis and G tachinoides in W Africa and G fuscipes in C and E Africa
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What are the most important vectors of T brucei rhodesiense?
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G moristans and G pallidipes around Lake victoria it is G fuscipes
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Which African Sleeping sickness is a zoonosis?
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T brucei rhodesiense
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What stage of the glossina lifecycle is the target for control?
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adults only since the larvae spend much of the time in the femal
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How many instars in the Triatominae lifecycle?
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5
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How long does the development from egg to adult take in the triatomidae?
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3-10 months
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ddefine sylvatic
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feeding on wild animals
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Does the bite from a Triatomidae bug hurt?
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no, usually painless and does not wake the person
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Can humans become infected with T cruzi y eating infected meat?
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it is rare, but yes.
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What is the most common vector of Trypanosoma rangeli?
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Rhodnius prolixus
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Who can you distinguish 3 important spp in the Triatominae subfamily?
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Rhodnius has long snout with antennae at end, Triatoma has shorter snout with antennae between eye and end, Panstrongylus has antennae right by eyes
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When do bedbugs feed?
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at night, just before dawn
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What led to the increased imporatnce of lice and flea borne disease?
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clothing
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What order do fleas belong to?
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Siphonaptera
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what are the 3 medically important genera of fleas?
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Ctenocephalides, Pulex, Xenopsylla
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Why do fleas need high humidity?
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because they cannot close their spiracles
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What is the larval period for fleas?
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9-15 days, but up to 200. Complete lifecycle can be 18 days to 20 months
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How long can adult fleas live?
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up to 3.5 years
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How can fleas be grouped?
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by degree of permamnece of attachment
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What is an example of a stationary ectoparasite?
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Echidnophaga gallinacea (sticktight flea)
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What is an example of a flea that develops into a stationary intracutaneaous parasite?
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Tunga penetrans (Chigoe or jigger flea)
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What is the family for Ctenocephalides, Xenopsylla, pulex?
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Pulicidae
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What is the common name for Tunga penetrans?
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Chigoe, jogger flea
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Where does Tunga penetrans occur?
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Tropical and subtropical regions of the Amer, West indies, Africa
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What makes the female Tunga penetrans unique?
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it burrows into skin of host. Often toes, feet toenails
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What can occur as a result of a female tunga penetrans burrowing?
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secondary infection with tetanus and gangrene resulting in amputation
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What does Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) transmit?
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primary urban plague vector
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What does Xenopsylla brasiliensis transmit?
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Plagues in Africa, India and S Amer. Rural areas
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What is the common name for Pulex irritans?
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Human flea
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What does Pulex irritans transmit?
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occasional plague vector
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What does Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Norhtern Rat flea) transmit?
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epidemic plage and murine typhus
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What does diamanus montanus (Common ground squirrel flea) transmit?
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endemic plage vector in W US
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What are the primary pest spp of fleas?
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Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis, P. irritans
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What is the pathogen of plague?
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Yersinia pestis, it is a rodent bacterial disease
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What is the characteristic of Yersinia pestis?
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gram negative coccobacillus
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What are the tow forms of plague?
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primary bubonic (zoonotic) and primary pneumonic (human to human via respiratory droplets)
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What are the primary flea vectors of plague to humans?
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Xenopsylla spp, X cheopis
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When was Yersinia pestis introduced to the US?
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1900 San Francisco, has since spread , but not past plague line (103 meridian)
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How long after infection does person become ill with bubonic plague?
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2-6 days
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How long after exposure does pneumonic plague occur?
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1-3 days
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What is the mortality rate for plague pneumonia patients?
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over 50%
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What is the mechanism of plague transmission?
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1. Flea feeds on infected rodent. 2. Bacilli cause an obstruction in flea gut. 3. As flea feeds, regurgitates infected blood in host. Incubation in flea is 21 days
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How else can plague be transmitted?
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crushing flea
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What can transmit Murine typhus?
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Xenopsylla cheopis
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How is murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) transmitted?
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infective flea scratched into skin or membrane or inhaling flea feces
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What are the 2 sub orders of lice?
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Anoplura (sucking lice) and Mallophaga (chewing lice)
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What is an infestation with lice called?
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PEDICULOSIS
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What are characteristics of lice?
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wingless, flta body, legs adapted for clinging, simple metamorphasis (egg-nymph-adult)
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How do you distinguish the two orders of lice?
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mallophaga- the head is broader than abdomen, anoplura-head is narrower than abdomen
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What are the 3 lice spp of human importance
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Pediculus humanus, Pediculus capitus, Pthirus pubis
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What is Pediculus humanus?
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Body lice
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What is Pediculus capitus?
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head lice
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What is Pthuris pubis?
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pubic lice
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Which is the only lice spp that transmits pathogens in humans?
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body lice (Pediculus humanus)
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What is Pediculus humanus a vector of?
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louse-borne typhus, trench fever (both rickettsias) and louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing
fever (spirochaete |
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What does Pediculus humanus prefer oviposition?
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cloth fibers
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Where is Pediculus most commone?
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where clothing comes into contact with cloth usually stays on cloth
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What do you call crab louse infestation?
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phthiriasis
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What is the pathogen for louse borne typhus?
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Rickettsia prowazekii (rickettsia)
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Where does Rickettsia prowazekii (rickettsia) -louse borne typhus occur?
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African highlands, especially Burundi,
Rwanda and Ethiopia; in Bolivia and mountainous areas of Ecuador; Europe, Asia, and Central and South America |
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What is the vector for Rickettsia prowazekii
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Pediculus humanus
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How does the transmission of louse borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) occur?
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through louse fecal contamination or through crushed body of the louse – salivary glands not infected
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What conditions are associated with louse borne (or epidemic typhus)?
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cool weather, or high mt regions, human crowding, poverty, war mass migrations
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How long can the epidemic typhus parastie remain viable?
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60 days at room temp
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How is louse borne typhus (epidemic typhus )spread?
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usually through scratches and via eyes with fingers contaminated with louse feces. BUT can also inhale louse feces
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What is the reservoir for louse typhus?
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humans
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What is the pathogen and what transmits trench fever?
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Bartonella quintana (bacteria) and transmitted by Pediculus humanus
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What is the reservoir of Trench fever (bartonella quintana)
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human
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how is trench fever bartonella quintana transmitted?
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louse feces or crushing louse
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What new population is trench fever reemerging?
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homeless
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What transmits Borrelia recurrants (Epidemic relapsing fever)
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Pediculus humanus
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How is Borrelia recurrants (Epidemic relapsing fever) transmitted?
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by crushing infected louse(pediculus humanus)
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Where does Borrelia recurrants (Epidemic relapsing fever) occur?
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Africa, esp Ethiopia. epidemics in WWI and WWII
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How do filth flies and cockroaches transmit pathogens?
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mechanically
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what is myiasis?
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infectation with fly larvae
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To what order to Cockroaches belong?
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Blattaria
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How do you distinguish German cockroaches?
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Brown banding on head
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Which type of roach has reduced wings?
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Blatta orientalis
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What do roaches have at end of abdomen?
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cerci
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What is the name for american cockroach?
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Periplaneta americana
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What is the egg case of the roach called?
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ootheca contains 12-50 eggs
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Which spp of roach is expanding?
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Blatella germanica is replacing Blatta orientalis
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What are the mechanisms for mechanical transmission of roaches?
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feeding/regurgitation, defecation, body hairs
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What type of fungus can roaches transmit?
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Aspergilius
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What type of helmiths can roaches transmit?
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Abclostoma, Ascaris, Necator, Trichuris
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What type of protozoa can roaches transmit?>
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Entamoeba histoltica
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Obligatory Myiasis
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infestation is a necessary part of the fly life cycle
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What type of myiasis is important for forensic entomology?
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Facultative Myiasis
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What is enteric myiasis?
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accidental ingestionof fly larvae
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Which genera are commonly involved in enteric Myiasis?
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Musca, Fannia, Muscina
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What is Rectal/Urogenital Myiasis ?
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Access to intestine via anus; larvae feed on excrement. Immature stages completed in rectum or intestine
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Which genera are involved in Rectal/Urogenital Myiasis?
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Fannia, Musca, Sarcophaga. larvae feed on excrement
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Which spp are involved in Cutaneous myiasis?
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Calliphora (bluebottles), Lucilia (greenbottles), Phormia, Sarcophaga and Wohlfahrtia (flesh flies), Cochliomyia macellaria (secondary screw-worm
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In which fly does larvae attach and burrow into skin leaving spiracles exposed - boil-like swelling results [cover with paraffin or oil to extract]?
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Cordylobia anthropophaga tumbu or mango fly (africa) (non-metallic calliphorids)
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Which Calliphorids (non-metallic) fly adult looks like tumbu fly, but larvae do not remain attached; feed nightly from people sleeping on the floor?
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Auchmeromyia senegalensis - Congo floor-maggot (Africa);
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Calliphorids (metallic):
Cochliomyia hominivorax |
Obligatory Myiasis
New World screw-worm; eradicated from US and Mexico, but outbreaks possible |
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Calliphorids (metallic):
Chrysomya bezziana |
Obligatory Myiasis
Old World screw-worm |
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Sarcophagids (flesh flies):
Wohlfahrtia magnifica |
ear, eye, nose
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Oestrids (bot flies):
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Gasterophilus, Hypoderma, Oestrus, Cuterebra sp., and Dermatobia hominis (human bot fly)
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Dermatobia hominis
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(human bot fly)
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Which instar of larvae of flies is used for medicinal maggots?
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first
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What is making the use of medicinal maggots attractive again?
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antobiotic resistant strains of pathogens
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Which flies should NOT be used in larval therapy?
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used are members of the family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) and the species Cochliomyia hominovorax (screw worm) since they will devour living tissue
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What are the most common flies used for larval therapy?
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family Calliphoridae, specifically Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata (greenbottle blowfly) and Phormia regina (blackbottle blowfly) which will only feed on necrotic tissue
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How long do you keep the maggots in the toissue?
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3 days
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How do you distinguish (Family Calliphoridae) genus Calliphora or blue bottle fly?
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Has a dull thorax and metalic blue abdomen
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How do you distinguish (Family Calliphoridae) Cochliomyia macellaria or
Secondary screwworm |
Blue-Green metallic with three stripes of equal length on thorax
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How do you distinguish (Family Calliphoridae) genus Phaenicia
or Greenbottle fly |
Green metallic with anterior spiracle blackish, strong bristles in the back of the thorax
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|
How do distinguish the Black blow fly, Phormia regina (Family Calliphoridae)
|
Thorax not striped, anterior spiracle reddish
|
|
|
How do you distinguish the Musca Domestica (Family Muscidae)?
|
Thorax dark (dull) with four black stripes, sides of abdomen pale
|
|
|
How do you distinguish Flesh Flies (Sarcophaga) Family Sarcophagidae?
|
Thorax gray with three black stripes, sides of abdomen never pale
|
|
|
What is the taxonomy to order for ticks?
|
P: Arthropoda, SubP: Chelicerata, C: Arachnida, O: Ixodida
|
|
|
What are the charateristics of ticks and mites Class Chelicerata/?Arachnida
|
Sac like unsegmented body, highly specialized mouthparts with capitulum and hypostome, larvae 6 legs, adults 8 legs, 4 stage life cycle.
|
|
|
What is the life cycle for ticks and mites?
|
4 stages: egg, larva, nymph, adult
|
|
|
What is the taxonomy to order for free-living, predaceous, and parasitic mites?
|
P: Arthropoda, SubP: Chelicerata, C: Arachnida, O: Mesostigmata
|
|
|
What is the taxonomy to order for chiggers, follicle mites?
|
P: Arthropoda, SubP: Chelicerata, C: Arachnida, O: Prostigmata
|
|
|
What is the taxonomy to order for house dust, storage & scabies mites?
|
P: Arthropoda, SubP: Chelicerata, C: Arachnida, O: Astigmata
|
|
|
What are the medical important sapects of ticks?
|
Deramtosis, Exsanguination, Otoacariasis, predisposition to myiasis, tick paralysis, pathogen transmission
|
|
|
Dermatosis (ticks)
|
- inflammation, itching , swelling at site of bite
|
|
|
Exsanguination -
|
anemia can result from heavy infestation
|
|
|
Otoacariasis
|
- auditory canal infestation, poss. secondary infection
|
|
|
What are the vectors of lyme disease?
|
Ixodes pacificus (W US), Ixodes scapularis (E US), Ixodes ricinus (EU), Ixodes persulcatus (eurasia)
|
|
|
What are the two main families of ticks?
|
Argasidae (soft) and Ixodidae (hard)
|
|
|
What is the 3rd, rare family of tick?
|
Nuttalliellidae (contains a single species, a rare African tick)
|
|
|
What type of host cycles do ticks have?
|
1-, 2-, 3-, host life cycle.
|
|
|
What are some characteristics fo soft ticks?
|
lack scutum, mouthparts (capitulum) not visible dorsally, long lived
|
|
|
What are the genera of soft ticks (Argasidae)?
|
Antricola, Argas, Ornithodoros (relapsing fever), Otobius
|
|
|
What causes African relapsing fever?
|
Ornithodoros moubata (tick)
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of hard ticks (Family: Ixodidae)?
|
have scutum, capitulum visible dorsally, long feeding times, susceptible to dessication.
|
|
|
Define Nidiculous
|
living in the nest of another animal (ticks and mites)
|
|
|
What is the largest genus of ticks?
|
Ixodes
|
|
|
What is the common name for Ixodes ricinus?
|
Euro Sheep tick, Lyme disease vector
|
|
|
What is the common name for Ixodes persulcatus?
|
Taiga tick, Lyme disease vector
|
|
|
What is the common name for Ixodes scapularus?
|
Black legged tick lyme disease vector
|
|
|
What is the common name for Ixodes pacificus?
|
Western Black legged tick, Lyme disease vector
|
|
|
Which tick is responisble for tick paralysis in Australia?
|
Ixodes holocyclus
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of the Ixodes genus of the Ixodidae family?
|
anal groove around (in front of) anus, unornamented, hard tick
|
|
|
What is a maintenance vector of tularemia and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
|
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris
|
|
|
Which tick transmits Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever?
|
Hyalomma marginatum
|
|
|
What tick transmits RMSF and boutonneuse fever?
|
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
|
|
|
how many legs do ticks have?
|
8
|
|
|
are ticks insects
|
no
|
|
|
How can you tell mites from immature ticks?
|
ticks have a toothed hypostome
|
|
|
Which genus do medically important soft ticks bleong?
|
Ornithodoros
|
|
|
What is the name for tick borne (endemic) relapsing fever
|
Borrelia duttonii
|
|
|
gnathosoma
|
capitulum
|
|
|
Can you see the capitulum dorsally of hard and soft tick larave?
|
yes, but only in hard tick adults and nymphs
|
|
|
What organs do soft ticks have that hard ticks do not?
|
coxal organs, these filter excess fluid and slat from blood.
|
|
|
What is unusual about the larvae of the Ornithodoros moubata?
|
the larvae stay in eggshell after hatching and do not emerge until first instar nymph
|
|
|
What is the only important tick borne disease transmitted by soft ticks (Argasidae)
|
Tick-borne relapsing fever.
|
|
|
What stage of development is best at transmitting Borrelia duttonii (tickborne relapsing fever?
|
nymphs, their salivary glands are more heavily infected with spirochetes
|
|
|
How can humans become infected with Borrelia duttonii (tickborne relapsing fever)?
|
either by bite or fluid from coxal organ entering bite wound. it is never spread in feces
|
|
|
Which new flavivirus can be transmitted by soft ticks (Argasidae)?
|
Alkurma haemorrhagic fever (Saudi Arabia) by Ornithodors savignyi
|
|
|
What transmits Mediterranean spotted fever?
|
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog tick)
|
|
|
Which genera of Ixodidae are ornate?
|
Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and some Rhipicephalus
|
|
|
Which ticks are nidiculous?
|
Soft ticks (argasidae)
|
|
|
What is the Gene's organ?
|
In ticks, coats eggs with wax
|
|
|
How many nymphal stages in hard ticks (Ixodidae)?
|
only one
|
|
|
Describe the 3 host cycle in tciks
|
each stage of development has a different host. more efficient atacquiring and passing pathogens
|
|
|
how many times do Ixodidae lay egss?
|
only once
|
|
|
Tick borne encephalitis
|
Ixodes ricinus and I persucatus
|
|
|
Omsk haemorrhagic fever
|
Dermacentor reticulatus
|
|
|
Kyasanur Forest Disease
|
Haemaphysalis sinigera (tick)
|
|
|
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever
|
Hyalomma marginatum complex
|
|
|
Colorado tick fever
|
Dermacentor andersoni
|
|
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
|
Dermacentor, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus spp
|
|
|
African Tick bite fever
|
Amblyomma spp
|
|
|
Q fever
|
many Ixodid spp
|
|
|
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
|
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)
|
|
|
Cattle Fever fever and how do you control?
|
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus southern US, Mexico (Texas Cattle fever, field rotation for control) tick
|
|
|
Dermacentor variailis (American Dog tick)
|
tularemia, RMSF
|
|
|
Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick)
|
tularemia, RMSF, Colorado tick fever)
|
|
|
HGA (human granulocytic anaplasmosis), discovered in 1994, Anaplasma phagocytophila,
|
transmitted by Ixodes scapularis complex members
|
|
|
, Ehrlichia chaffeensis
|
HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis
|
|
|
What is the lone star tick?
|
Amblyomma americanum, Associated with
E. chaffeensis transmission (HME) human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) |
|
|
What transmits HGA (human granulocytic anaplasmosis), ?
|
Ixodes scapularis transmits in the midwest and eastern US The western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) is a vector in northern California
|
|
|
What casues Lyme disease?
|
the spirochete bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi.
|
|
|
When is the risk greatest for lyme disease transmission?
|
Summer, when ticks are larvae
|
|
|
Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI)
|
Amblyomma americanum
|
|
|
Babesiosis
|
Ixodes scapularis
|
|
|
What is the pathogen for Rocky mountain spotted fever?
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
|
|
What transmits Rocky mountain spotted fever?
|
Dermacentor variabilis eastern, D. andersoni western, Amblyomma cajennense neotropical
|
|
|
Colorado tick fever
|
Dermacentor andersoni,
|
|
|
ACARIASIS
|
infestation with mites
|
|
|
what class do mites belong?
|
Chelicerata
|
|
|
What are the 3 orders of mites?
|
Prostigmata, Astigmata, Mesostigmata
|
|
|
What is the taxonomy of chiggers?
|
C: Chelicerata O: Prostigmata Family: Trombiculidae
|
|
|
What stage of the trombiculid mite is parasitic?
|
larvae
|
|
|
How can you distinguish the a chigger larvae (prostigmata, trombiculidae)
|
is has 6 legs and and the have a dorsal plate with 5 setae and a pair of sensillae. Also have claws at end of each foot
|
|
|
How you do you tell Prostigmata, Demodicidae, Demonex?
|
elongated and lack setae
|
|
|
How do you tell Scabies (Astigmata, Sarcoptidae)
|
they have striations, and spines on back and long setae coming from hind legs
|
|
|
What is the distinguishing characteristic of Ixodes?
|
anal groove around anus
|
|
|
What is the distinguishing characteristics of Haemaphysalis
|
no anal groove, palpi laterally projected
|
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Amblyomma?
|
no anal groove, palpi not laterally produced, mouthparts longer than capituli
|
|
|
How can you tell Mesostigmata?
|
pair of spiracles behind third leg also peritremes
|
|
|
What order does demodex spp belong?
|
Prostigmata Class Chelicerata/Arachnida
|
|
|
What order to Trombiculid mites beling to?
|
Prostigmata Class Chelicerata/Arachnida
|
|
|
What order does Sarcoptes belong to?
|
Astigmata Class Chelicerata/Arachnida
|
|
|
What order does Dermatophagoides belong?
|
Astigmata
|
|
|
What are the vectors of scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
|
Larval Leptotrombidium mites they are Transovarially infected
|
|
|
What is scabies an infectation of?
|
Sarcoptes scabei
|
|
|
What is the more severe form of scabies called?
|
Norwegian or crusted scabies
|
|
|
How do you tell scabies from Dermatophagoides
? |
Scabies has arms only in front and shorter
|
|
|
Where do demodex spp live?
|
around the facial hair folicles and sebaceous glands
|
|
|
What is demondicosis?
|
infecstation with demodex (Order Prostigmata)
|
|
|
stylostome
|
Straw like feeding tube created from hardened flash around the chigger bite
|
|
|
What are the five ways that arthropods cause direct injury?
|
Blood feeding, toxic sting or bite, stimulation of allergy, induce phobias and psychoses, accidental invasion or infestation
|
|
|
Economic impact of injuries caused by arthropods
|
loss of tourism, development, cost of allergies, treatment and preventive measures, effects on livestock, effects due to stess, blood loss
|
|
|
What are venoms?
|
Toxins injected into animal tissues via specialized structures such as stinger, fangs or spines
|
|
|
means of envenomization
|
bite, sting, contact (hair, body fluid, wind blown), active projection
|
|
|
Different actions of vemon
|
Neurotoxin (black widow), Cytolytic, hemolytic (brown recluse), Hemorrhagic (moth larvae), vesicating/blistering (blister beetles
|
|
|
What causes tick paralysis (tick toxicosis)?
|
feeding by femail of certain spp. caused by nuerotoxin in saliva
|
|
|
how often is tick paralysis fatal?
|
10%
|
|
|
in US which spp are assciated with tick paralysis?
|
Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus
|
|
|
What is the stinger of the scorpion called?
|
telson
|
|
|
What are the claws of the scorpion called?
|
pedipalps
|
|
|
what kind of toxins are the dangerous venoms of scorpions?
|
neurotoxin
|
|
|
Which are more potent old world or new world tarantulas?
|
old world
|
|
|
Describe tarantula venom
|
mostly neurotoxins, but may have hemolytic and necrotic activity
|
|
|
What class do centipedes belong to?
|
Chilopoda
|
|
|
How do centipedes bite?
|
legs on first body segment are fangs
|
|
|
What does centipede venom contain?
|
acetlocholine, histamine, serotonin
|
|
|
What is the only centipede that can kill humans?
|
Scolopendra gigantea
|
|
|
How are millipedes dangerous?
|
they do not bite, they secrete defense liquid from pores on sides
|
|
|
What order do bees, wasps and ants belong to?
|
Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do honeybees belong to?
|
Apidae Order Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do parasitic wasps belong?
|
Braconidae Order Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do gall wasp belong?
|
Cynipidae Order Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do ants belong?
|
Formicidae Order Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do scoliid wasp belong (prey on beetle larvae)
|
Scoliidae Order Hymenoptera
|
|
|
What family do hornets and yellow jackets belong?
|
Vespidae Family Hymenoptera
|
|
|
Which ant has a very powerful venom?
|
velvet ant (dasymutilla klugii
|
|
|
What is the taxomony of the red imported fire ant?
|
Class:Insecta, Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta
|
|
|
What order are blister beetles?
|
Order: Coleoptera
|
|
|
What do all blister beetles (Order: Coleoptera) produce?
|
a toxic substance called cantharidin
|
|
|
What do . High doses of cantharidin cause? blister beetles
|
excessive salivation, stomach, kidneys and urino-genital system inflammations as well as headache, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Spanish Fly - The lethal dose for a human is about 0.03g
|
|
|
What can adult Lepidoptera cause?
|
dermatitis, respiratory distress, lachrymal and blood feeding
|
|
|
How do adults moths in the genus Hylesia cause probelms?
|
Barbed spines (flechettes) on abdomen covered in poison are shed. They can be inhaled or produce skin injury
|
|
|
What causes lepidopterism?
|
genus Hylesia and Hemileuca (poison barbs)
|
|
|
Which moth is lachrymal and blood feeding?
|
Calpe eustrigata
|
|
|
What does urticating refer to?
|
stining spines and setae of some catepillars
|
|
|
Which catepillar can cause skin bleeding?
|
saturniid catepilars (lonomia achelous)
|
|
|
Which catepillar causes uncontrolled bleeding in people over 50? Killed owman in brazil
|
lonomia obliqua
|
|
|
What are some local stining catepillars?
|
io moth (Automeris io), saddleback (acharia stimlea), puss catepillar (Megalopyge opercularis), Buckmoth
|
|
|
What is delusory (psychogenic) parasitosis?
|
the sensation that “bugs” are crawling, biting or burrowing into their skin
|
|
|
In which pop is Delusory parasitosis most common?
|
older people and women
|
|
|
What are some medical conditions that commonly produce DP symptoms?>
|
AIDS, anemia, carcinoma, menopause
|
|
|
What are some medications that commonly produce DP symptoms?>
|
amoxicillin, prozac, zoloft, claratin, paxil, ibuprofen
|
|
|
What is formication?
|
- the sensation of ants crawling on the skin
|
|
|
paresthesia
|
a sensation of prickling, crawling or creeping on the skin
|
|
|
urticaria
|
stinging or burning itch
|
|
|
What are the first insects to arrive at corpse?
|
green and blue blow flies (Family: Calliphoridae)
|
|
|
What are the stages of decomposistion?
|
Fresh, bloated, active decay, adva decay, dry remains
|
|
|
Which are the second wave of insects to colonize the body?
|
Sarchphagidae, Muscidae, Staphylinidae (rove beetles)
|
|
|
How were new world screw worms (Cochliomyia hominivorax) eradicated?
|
release of sterlie males
|
|
|
What is the genus for old world screw worms?
|
Chrysomya
|
|
|
What is the difference between survey and surveillence?
|
Survey is a snap shot, surveillence is used to monitor changs in pop over time
|
|
|
Which spp are ovitraps used to collect?
|
Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus
|
|
|
What is landing rate count?
|
surveyors count the number and spp of mosq landing in one minute
|
|
|
How do order Lepidoptera deliver venom?
|
spines
|
|
|
How do order Coleoptera (beetles) deliever venom?
|
contact or spray
|
|
|
What is the difference between Dptera and Hemiptera?
|
Hemiptera have membranous wings and second pair diptera only has halteres
|
|
|
difference between scorpions and spiders?
|
both have 4 pairs of legs, however, scorpions have divided abdomen
|
|
|
what is the venom delivery of centipedes (class: Chilopoda)
|
fangs
|
|
|
How do order diplopoda (millipedes) deliver venom?
|
contact or projection
|
|
|
what are characteristics of permanent ecoparasites?
|
cuticle covered with spines and bristles
|
|
|
describe the lifecycle of flea
|
|
|
|
describe male flea
|
|
|
|
Describe flea larvae
|
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of primary bubonic plague?
|
(zoonotic form) inflammation of lymph glands called bubo, exhaustion, fever, chills
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?
|
hig fever, chills cough, bloody putum
|
|
|
What are control methods for fleas?
|
sanitation (eliminating habitat), insecticides, insect growth regulators
|
|
|
what are vectors for murine typhus (endemic typhus)?
|
Xenopsylla chepois, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, loptopsylla segnis
|
|
|
Which is larger Pediculus capitus or humanus?
|
humanus
|
|
|
How do you tell the female Pediculus capitus?
|
abdomen wider than thorax
|
|
|
What is direct mechanical transmission?
|
pathogens passed from one infected host to another
|
|
|
What is indirect mechanical transmission?
|
pathogens picked up from contaminated surface
|
|
|
What are important parameters for mechanical transmission?
|
presence of setae, feeding behavior (pool vessel), regurgitation, assoc with humans, defecation patterns, stability of pathogen environment, infectiousness of pathogen, host immunity, number of arthropods
|
|
|
Movement btw which habitats leads to mechanical transmissionof pathigens?
|
trash to food prep areas.
|
|
|
Which flies are associated with obligitory myiasis?
|
Calliphorids, Sarcophagids, oestrids,
|
|
|
What is the difference btw the secondary and primary screw worm?
|
Primary are obligate parasites in the larval stage and can create entry to host, Secondary cannot and must use existing entry
|
|
|
life cycle of the Dermatobia hominis
|
Egg drops from female when there is contact with warm blooded host. Enters the bite wound or penetrates soft skin. Stay in furuncular swelling til adult
|
|
|
What is the subclass for mites and ticks?
|
Acari
|
|
|
What % of Ixodid ticks display a three host cycle?
|
95%
|
|
|
What is one tick that displays a 1 host cycle?
|
Boophilus
|
|
|
What is the importance of cofeeding?
|
means that presence of viremia in host is not that important for tick borne diease
|
|
|
How do you survey for ticks?
|
observation on host and premise, dragging and flagging, co2 baited traps
|
|
|
How do you control for ticks in one host spp?
|
pasture rotation
|
|
|
What causes tularemia?
|
Francisella tularensis
|
|
|
What is the best way to remove ticks?
|
with blunt forceps as close to mouthparts as possible and pull
|
|
|
Which pathogens benefit from co-feeding?
|
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever and tick borne encephalitis
|
|
|
Where does HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis) occur?
|
SE US
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is transmitted by Ambyomma americanum Deer res |
|
|
Where does HGA (granulcytic anaplasmosis) occur?
|
NE, MidW and CA
Anaplasma phagocytophila transmitted by Ixodes scapularis complex members in CA by I pacificus Deer res |
|
|
What is a reservoir for Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi?
|
Deer
|
|
|
What are res for Babesiosis?
|
rodents, cattle, wild animals
|
|
|
What are the reservoirs for Rocky mountain?
|
small mammals
|
|
|
What is the vector for STARI?
|
Ambylomma americanum, pathogen unknown. in SE and S central states.
|
|
|
What are four ways that mites might affect humans?
|
Dermatitis, loss of blood, transfer of pathogens, allergic reactions.
|
|
|
What is acariasis?
|
infestaion of mites
|
|
|
What transmits Rickettsia pox (Rickettsia akari)?
|
Liponyssoides mite vector rats/mice are host
|
|
|
Which mites cause allergies?
|
House dust mites, 25% of all allergies and 50% of all asthmatic diseases are traceable to house dust mites
|
|
|
How do you kill dust mites?
|
Washing in temps above 60 C. cover bedding, electric blanket, treating sheets with 5% benzyl benzoate
|
|
|
How do you survey for mites?
|
removal from outside of host, skin scraping, drag
|
|
|
How can you protect self from mites?
|
permethrin to socks and pants
|
|
|
How do you control mites?>
|
Premise spray, quarantine
|
|
|
What can result from a bite from a brown recluse Loxosceles reclusa?
|
necrotic arachnidism)
|
|
|
What can occur as a result of a black widow bite? Latrodectus mactans)
|
neuromyopathic arachnidism)
|
|
|
What are the reservoir for scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)?
|
mites via TOT or cofeeding and rodents
|
|
|
Where is scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)?
|
SE Asia, mite island in Nroth Queensland
|
