Medical Anthropology

Front 1

health

Back 1

physical and mental well being

Front 2

sickness

Back 2

deviation from or absence of health

Front 3

illness

Back 3

subjective experience of symptoms and suffering of sickness

Front 4

disease

Back 4

physiological malfunction

Front 5

bioculture

Back 5

theoretical perspective that encompasses both the biological and the cultural components of health and sickness

Front 6

medicalization

Back 6

process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined as medical conditions and become the subject of diagnosis and treatment of the biomedical healthcare system. for example: menopause, sleeplessness, child hyperactivity

Front 7

genetic variation (GV)

Back 7

The differences in the frequency of alleles (genetic variants or gene forms) between individuals and groups of populations

Front 8

mutation

Back 8

change in the sequence of DNA in the genome

Front 9

natural selection

Back 9

Biological traits are selected because of their reproductive and survival fitness

Front 10

genetic drift

Back 10

Change in frequency of alleles in a population due to random increase or decrease of frequency of alleles

Front 11

migration

Back 11

The introduction of new genetic variants in to a population

Front 12

True or false: genetic variants could be related to cultural and natural stressors such as diseases, wars, and natural disasters.

Back 12

true

Front 13

phenotype

Back 13

Expressed biological features resulting from the interaction between genes and the environment

Front 14

True or false: there are more genetic differences between individuals in different groups than between individuals in the same group.

Back 14

false

Front 15

plasticity

Back 15

The ability of many organisms to alter themselves, their behavior, or even their biology in response to changes in the environment

Front 16

The domestication of plants and animals occurred during what era?

Back 16

Neolithic Revolution

Front 17

The Neolithic revolution occurred how long ago?

Back 17

10,000 years

Front 18

The invention of agriculture and pastoralism occurred during what era?

Back 18

Neolithic Revolution

Front 19

What caused the decline in mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases is the 19th century?

Back 19

Changes in the economy, biomedicine, public health infrastructure

Front 20

What effect did the diseases introduced by Cortez's party have on the Amerindians in Mexico?

Back 20

because the Amerindians had no immunities to European diseases there were massive die outs in the indigenous communities

Front 21

What two types of diseases did hunter gatherers of the Paleolithic days have to deal with?

Back 21

a. Disease pathogens that adapted to prehominid ancestors and persisted as they evolved it to hominids.
b. zoonotics

Front 22

Did early hominids suffer from malaria? Why or why not?

Back 22

Livingstone dismisses the potential of malaria in early hominids because of the small population size and an adaptation to the savannah, which would not have been within the rage of the mosquitoes that carry malaria

Front 23

zoonotics

Back 23

Have non-human animals as their hosts but accidentally infects people for example sleeping sickness, tetanus scrub typhus, rabies

Front 24

A sedentary lifestyle (increases/ decreases) the risk of diseases. Why?

Back 24

Increases.
a. risk of water being contaminated by human feces
b. zoonotics
c. close proximity of others made it easier to transfer diseases between people
d. nutritional deficiencies

Front 25

Ecological perspective of disease

Back 25

A process in which a disease is triggered by the interaction between the host and an environmental insult often by pathogenic organisms or germs

Front 26

ecology

Back 26

The study of organisms and their environment

Front 27

adaptation

Back 27

The general process through which either genes or cultural traits are shaped to fit a particular environment

Front 28

maladaptation

Back 28

Traits or processes that result in decreased chance of survival and reproduction

Front 29

Political ecology of disease

Back 29

A theoretical orientation that has emphasis on the political and economic factors such as history of colonialism and macro social factors such as stratification, ethnic conflicts, and migration within the general ecological framework

Front 30

natural history of disease

Back 30

The study of disease transmission and process within ecological settings

Front 31

tropical disease

Back 31

A simplistic definition of disease that implies it is only found it hot and humid environments, but is actually more of a result of a class system and colonialism

Front 32

What human adaptation effects malaria?

Back 32

sickle cell

Front 33

epistemology of disease

Back 33

Question the the existing conceptual framework and introducing the sociogenesis conceptual framework

Front 34

ethnomedicine

Back 34

The study of the medical systems or healing practices of a cultural group, the cross-cultural comparisons of such systems and increasingly the study of the multiple use of different medical therapies

Front 35

Personalistic medical system

Back 35

Explain disease etiology as the result of active, purposeful intervention of an agent who may be human (witch or sorcerer) or non-human (ghost, an ancestor or an evil spirit)

Front 36

True or false: personalistic medical systems do not believe in chance or accident; but that the sick victim is the object of aggression or punishment

Back 36

True

Front 37

Naturalistic medical systems

Back 37

Assumes disease is caused not by the machinations of an angry being but rather from natural forces or conditions such as cold, heat, winds, dampness, and above all by an upset in the balance of the basic body elements

Front 38

In a personalistic system causation is attributed to what?

Back 38

an active agent

Front 39

In a naturalistic system causation is attributed to what?

Back 39

equilibrium loss

Front 40

Religion is intimately tied to illness in which kind of system, personalistic or naturalistic?

Back 40

personalistic

Front 41

What are the different level of causation in the personalistic system?

Back 41

a. instrumental cause ( what has been done to the patient or what has been usedwhat has been done to the patient for what has been used)
b. efficient cause ( who or what has done it to the patient)

Front 42

How many levels of causation do naturalistic systems have?

Back 42

1

Front 43

In naturalistic systems who assigns diagnosis to a patient?

Back 43

The patient or his family shaman are just used to cure them

Front 44

Naturalistic systems focus on the (do's/don't) for prevention.

Back 44

don't