Medical Anatomy And Physiology Unit 5: Evolution

Front 1

Biological Evolution

Back 1

Characteristics of a population of organisms that occurs over generations.

Front 2

Populations

Back 2

Evolve, not individuals

Front 3

Natural Selection

Back 3

The different survival and reproduction of individuals in a population.

Front 4

Classification

Back 4

Implies common ancestry.

Front 5

Anatomy

Back 5

Mamillian forelimbs have the same set of bones, underlying structures are similar.

Front 6

Useless Traits Retained

Back 6

Vestigial but similar structures in ferns and flowering plants.

Front 7

DNA Similarities

Back 7

Birds in the same genus have DNA that is similar to one another while distantly classified birds have less similar DNA.

Front 8

Miller-Urey Experiment

Back 8

Demonstrated that complex molecules can spontaneously form simple chemicals

Front 9

Evolutionary Theory

Back 9

The foundation of all aspects of modern biology.

Front 10

Natural Selection Causes Evolution by:

Back 10

1. Individuals within population vary.
2. Some variations can be passed to offspring.
3. Populations produce more offspring than can survive.
4. Survival & Reproduction are not random.

Front 11

Results of Natural Selection.

Back 11

Good traits become more common and bad traits disappear. Traits change over time.

Front 12

Artificial Selection

Back 12

Selection imposed by human choice.

Front 13

The modern synthesis of genetics and evolution

Back 13

1. Mutation and Natural Selection- Result in genes being passed on.
2. Natural Selection can not cause new traits
3. Natural Selection does not result in perfection.
4. "Trees not ladders" - Natural selection does not cause progression toward a goal.

Front 14

Directional Selection

Back 14

Change in population traits.

Front 15

Stabilizing Selection

Back 15

Selection for the average traits.

Front 16

Diversifying Selection

Back 16

Selection for extremes.

Front 17

Species Names have two parts

Back 17

1. Genus
2. Specific Epithet

Front 18

Prefertilization

Back 18

Percent fertilization from accuring:
1. Spatial- Species separated by distance.
2. Behavioral- Mating behaviors interfere with reproduction.
3. Mechanical- sexual organs are not compatible.
4. Temporal- Timing of reproduction is off.

Front 19

Post Fertilization

Back 19

1. Hybrid inviability- Hybrid never born.
2. Hybrid Sterility- Hybrid can not reproduce.

Front 20

Steps of speciation

Back 20

1. Isolation of gene pools of populations.
2. Evolutionary change.
3. Evolution of reproductive isolation between populations.

Front 21

Gradualism

Back 21

Show accumulation of small changes over a long period of time.

Front 22

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 22

Rapid change followed by long periods of no change.

Front 23

Migration

Back 23

Can lead to isolation of population.

Front 24

Geographic Barriers

Back 24

Can also intrude between populations.

Front 25

Allopartic

Back 25

Species separated by barriers of distance.

Front 26

Sympartic

Back 26

Species occupying the same area.

Front 27

Genealogical species concept

Back 27

Descend from a single common ancestor.

Front 28

Morphologically species concept

Back 28

With some reliable physical characteristics that distinguish them.

Front 29

Homo Erectus

Back 29

1st appears in fossil record in 1.8 MYA

Front 30

P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Back 30

P2 = Frequency of dominant
2pa = Frequency of Hybrid
q2 = Frequency of recessive

Front 31

Founder Effect

Back 31

Genetic differences resulting from a small sample.

Front 32

Population Bottleneck

Back 32

G

Front 33

Chance Events

Back 33

Small populations are especially prone to loss of alleles through chance.

Front 34

Sexual Selection

Back 34

When a trait influences chance of noting it is sexually selected.

Front 35

Domain Bacteria

Back 35

1. Most bacteria are probes harmless to humans.
2. Competition between bacteria produces of compounds that humans make of.

Front 36

Domain Archaea

Back 36

Typically found in extreme environments (high temp, high pressure)

Front 37

Profera

Back 37

Sponges, simple ancient life.

Front 38

Cnidaria

Back 38

Radical symmetry and simple anonar

Front 39

Platyhelminthes

Back 39

Flat worms

Front 40

Mollusca

Back 40

Hard shell sea animals

Front 41

Annelida

Back 41

Segment worms

Front 42

Nematoda

Back 42

Round worms

Front 43

Arthropoda

Back 43

Exoskeletons

Front 44

Exhinodermata

Back 44

Star fish, sea urchins.

Front 45

Cordata

Back 45

With spinal cord ( includes humans)

Front 46

Fungi

Back 46

1. Immobile, heterotrophic
2. Fed by means of hyphae
3. Antibiotics, kill bacteria

Front 47

Plantae

Back 47

Multi cellular eukaryotic actrophic (photosynthesis)

Front 48

Bryophyta

Back 48

Moss, no tube for water movement.

Front 49

Pteridophyta

Back 49

Forms have water tubes.

Front 50

Coniferaphyta

Back 50

Cone beaning plants

Front 51

Anthophyta

Back 51

Flowering plants

Front 52

Double Fertilization

Back 52

A sperm for the embryo & sperm for nutrients.

Front 53

Viruses

Back 53

Not really alive.