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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ideographs
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Languages in pictorial form
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Before paper people wrote on...
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first stone, than papyrus (but it decayed too quickly), than animal skin (specifically calf skin, know as vellum)
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Paper was invented
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By the Chinese but the kept it a secret until in 32 A.D. when some papermakers were captured
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How could people know things in the Middle Ages when everyone was illiterate
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Oral tradition, stain glass windows
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Printing press
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Johannes Gytenburg
1453 --His invention changed the nature of communication |
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Incubala
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1455-1555, a period where they rush to print everything they can
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The first censorship occurred in...
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1529 when Henry VIII prohibited people from printing certain books
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The first two newspapers were the...
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Gazetto in Venice and in Holland the Couranto in the 15th and 16th centuries
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There is no daily newspaper until
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1802 in England
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The first North American newspaper was
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Publick Occurrences both foreign and domestick in 1690. It had only one edition and was immediately censored. The author was Benjamin Harris.
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The first newspaper published on a regular basis was
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The Boston Gazette in 1704
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The New England Courant was published in
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1721 by James Franklin (brother of Ben Franklin). It was the first newspaper to print opinions (now editorials).
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The journalists were referred to as
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The fourth estate, a new group in society
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Ben Franklin published _______ In the New England Courant
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"Silence Dogood" an advice column from an old woman that he actually wrote
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Pennyslvania Gazette
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Created by Benjamin Franklin and the Poor Richard's Alamanac was published in it
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Zanger vs. Cosby
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Set precedence for all newspapers that they could start to criticize important people. This was a landmark on the path to the freedom of the press
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Originally newspapers...
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were very expensive and were only available at the printers or at pubs and coffeehouses.
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Federalist Papers
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John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote a series of essays explaining the constitution
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Partisan Press
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1789-1830, Thomas Jefferson=Democratic Republicans vs. Alexander Hamilton=Federalists (N.Y. Post)
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Newspapers became daily after
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1789
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Penny Press
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In 1839 Benjamin Day dropped the price to a penny. Circulation rose and he made his money from advertising.
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Benjamin Day
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Created the penny press, started to focus on local news, created the famous news boys and put newspapers on every corner, also created the ideas of a reporter having a "beat" or specialty focus like sports or politics
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The New York Herald
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Gordon Bennett, 1834, started to emphasize financial news & foreign correspondence, first did sensationalism
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The New York Tribune
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Horace Greely, 1841, Greely was an abolitionist and very risque.
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The New York Times
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1851, Henry J. Raymond, never has any comics or contests, focuses on accuracy, objectivity, and depth, it would become the paper of record, "all the news thats fit to print"
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The telegraph
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1830's, Samuel F.B. Morse, if you were a member of the associated press you were entitled to all the telegraph news, equalizing the newspapers whether big or small
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The Yellow Press
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The sensationalist newspapers printed the comic "Yellow Kid" by RJ Outcault so they became known as the "Yellow Press, Pulitzer and Hearst
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Joseph Pulitzer
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1847-1911, took sensationalism to a new level, created Banner headlines, lucky buck contest, created a sports page, argued against tolls on the brooklyn bridge,
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William Randolph Hearst
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1863-1895, in 1895, buys the N.Y. Journal & begins to compete with Pulitzer.
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Adolph Ochs
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Bought the New York Times in 1896, created a real estate section
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Daily News
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Joseph Patterson, put pictures into his newspaper, a big picture accompanied a banner headline, crime was a staple
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USA Today
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first national newspaper, 1982, satellite was invented and allowed information to be beamed all around,
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Newspaper Companies often own several newspapers
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this is bad because: led to lack of diversity (1 company, 1 opinion), can be a lack of local news ----- it can be good because: large scale benefits, adapt faster, can afford the best technology.
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Libertarian Theory
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1. John Milton, said if we are rational people we should be able to decide what is true or false 2. John Locke, argued that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. If the government is abusive we need to know so there should not be censorship 3. Adam Smith said the government should not interfere for capitalist reasons
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Bill of Rights
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in 1779 the bill of rights was drafted and the first amendment was freedom of speech and press.
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Schenk vs. United States
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1919, Ruled that in times of national security the supreme court had the right to limit freedom of speech, clear and present danger (yelling fire in a crowded theater)
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Near vs. Minnesota
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1951, "prior restraint" meaning they would not prevent information from being written about before it was revealed
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Seditious Libel
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1. libel is written, slander is spoken, 2. any statement that exposes a person to hatred or ridicule. 3. must injure the person ---- the truth can never be libel
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Privilege
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you may not be sued if the information appears in a public document
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Fair Comment
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any critic and their reviews are protected
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Sullivan vs. The New York Times
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The media has the widest lattitude for criticizing a public figure 1. absence of malice- the story seemed true so you printed it, then it is not libel 2. reckless disregard- you know it was true but you printed it anyway, this is libel but it is very hard to prove
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Gert vs. Welch
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1974, extended the public figure to politicians, reality stars, etc...
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Public Issues
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Public controversy such as drugs or pornography are public issues and so you cannot sue
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Onasis vs. Gallela
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Privacy is protected for everyone, even public figures
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Obcsenity
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Lude, crude behavior or language
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Regina vs. Hicklin
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Any material that tends to corrupt these who's minds who are open to such immoral influence
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Ross vs. United States
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1957, 1. to be considered not obscene it must have redeeming artistic qualities, 2. if it has purient interest, if it is created solely to obscene and sexual
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Gynsbourg vs. NY
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"variable obscenity" what is obscene for children may not be obscene for adults
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Miller vs. California
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communities can set their own standards for obscenity
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FCC vs WBAI
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1778, the 7 dirty words cannot be said on the air
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Shield Laws
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laws that exempt you from certain federal rulings. Many states have enacted shield laws for reporter confidentiality.
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Branzburg vs. Hayes
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1972, reporters do not have a right to confidentiality
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Sheppard vs. Ohio
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1954, If the press is running a smear campaign you can't find people that haven't had their judgement tainted (for the jury)
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Chandler vs. Florida
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1981, recording devices were allowed in the courtroom for the first time
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Journalism ethical issues
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avoid conflicts of interest or bias, no junkets or freebies, no checkbook journalism
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The Inverted Pyramid
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you say the main point, how, where, what, how, first and than say the why later one.
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Blockbuster
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a book that sells really well and can succeed in different mediums
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Negatives of the blockbuster syndrome
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Publishing companies focus all their efforts on the next blockbuster. They provide large advances to proven writers. There is no money left over for new writers. The conglomerates care more about making money than fostering literature. (and if making money means censoring, they'll do it)
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Salman Ruchdie
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Wrote Satanic Verses, one of the characters is Mohammed and since this is blasphomous a "fatwa" was issued ordering his death. This is an example of censorship.
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The downfall of the bookstores
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E-books are much cheaper and websites don't have to pay for any real estate so they can sell the books for cheaper.
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Christopher Patton
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The last British Governor of Hong Kong. Wrote a book of memoirs that painted China in a negative light. His publisher (Newscorp, owned by Rupert Murdoch) was making a deal with China so they killed his book.
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Magazine name
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comes from magasin (french- store) and mankasin (arabic). It's a storehouse of different types of literary forms.
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The earliest magazine was...
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In Britain in 1704 called the Review. Published by Daniel Defoe.
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The Spectator
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One of the earliest magazines, written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in 1709
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first American magazine...
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The American Magasin by Andrew Bradford in 1741
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The second American magazine...
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The General Magazine started by Benjamin Franklin.
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Why didn't magazines succeed at first?
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The postage was very expensive so it was too expensive to mail magazines to people and they lived very far apart. When the government made magazines cheaper to ship this helped magazines out a lot because they function based on subscriptions.
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When did magazines become a big part of American culture?
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1840's. Alexis DeTorquelle wrote about the popularity of magazine in his book Democracy in America.
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The Saturday Post
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One of the first and most popular magazines. Started in 1821. Was most famous for its Norman Rockwell covers.
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The Nation
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Started in 1865. Was a political publication. Still published today.
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Magazine Hayday
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Between the1800's and 1917 (Industrialization was booming)
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Upton Sinclair
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Wrote The Jungle about the horrors of the food industry. Congress created the FDA because of this book.
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Muckrakers
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Theodore Roosevelt named them this and although he meant it to be negative, they wore it as a badge of pride.
The muckraker hayday was from 1890-1917. |
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Lincoln Stephens
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Was a muckraker who wrote Shame of the Cities about how the cities are run by corrupt politicians.
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Jacob Ris
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Was a muckraker who wrote How the Other Half Lives about the lives of immigrants
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Ida Tarbell
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A muckraker and active journalist who exposed oil companies
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Time Magazine
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Started by Henry Luce and Britton Hayden in 1923. It was the first weekly magazine instead of daily. This was a big innovation at the time. It summarized the events of the week.
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Henry Luce
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Started Time Magazine, Fortune, Life and Sport's Illustrated. People magazine was created by his company after his death,
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New Magazines in the 1950's
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T.V. Guide, Playboy & Sports Illustrated
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The New Yorker
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Started in 1926
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Ebony & Jet
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Started in 1940
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Demographics
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The study of population, sorting them into groups, determining readership, predicted readership.
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Goday's Lady's Book
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Created to encourage women to act like ladies. The editor, Sara Jozepha Hale wrote The "Cult of Domesticity." It preached three things purity, piety and submission. Basically, be virginal, religious and submissive to all males.
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Ladies Home Journal
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Began in the 19th century as a result of changing women's roles. Edited by an immigrant, Edward Bak. He advocated very strongly for women to get educated. Also for companionate marriage- equality of a wife and husband.
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Cosmopolitan
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Started by Helen Gurly Brown in 1963. Brown decided to gear it towards the "Mouseburger." Cosmo followed a very specific formula- iwould help you become the perfect woman.
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Mouseburger
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A woman who is educated and attractive but not the perfect woman like the one on the cover
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Helen Gurly Brown
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Editor of Cosmo and author of Sex and the Single Girl (encouraging girls to embrace their sexuality)
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Feminine Mystique
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Written by Betty Friedan in 1961, said that women could not lead fulfilling lives when they were tied to domesticity
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Ms.
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Appeared in the 1970's. Direct Result of the feminist movement. Ran by Gloria Steinem. It pioneered the glass ceiling and equal pay. Changed Ms. to both married and unmarried women.
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The Glass Ceiling
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No matter how qualified you are, you will never do as well as the white male.
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Persistance of Vision
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Theory created by Peter Mark Roget in the 18th century. When we see something it remains in our minds for a split second and then when we look at something else they blur which creates a sense of motion.
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The invention of the motion camera
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A millionaire, Standford, had a theory that when a horse galloped, at one point, all four of the horses' legs were off the ground. He made a bet and hired a photographer, Muybridge to prove this. The photographer did so with still photos but this inspired him to create a motion camera. He met up with Thomas Edison. A man, Dickson, admired Edison and after writing to him was added to the team. In 1896, they developed the first motion picture camera. The first thing that they ever captured was a man sneezing.
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George Melies
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Worked on creating a motion picture camera at the same time as Edison and Dickson. Later made many narrative films in France.
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Projector
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By the end of 1896 the projector had been created and was in use.
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Early audience for the movie
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The early audience was the working class because 1. They were nickelodeons and were incredibly cheap. 2. They were on every street corner so very accesible 3. They were silent so the immigrants didn't need to know English to understand it
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Adolph Zukor
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Zukor bought a bunch of theaters but he wasn't satisfied with just the working class attending. He came up with the idea of taking a famous theater actress, Sarah Burnhardt and bought the rights to Elizabeth I. He charged an unheard of $2 and because it was now more luxurious the upper class went. Zukor expanded the viewers to the middle and upper class.
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Samuel "Roxy" Rothapfel
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Created the movie palaces. Were way more luxurious and grand than nickelodeon theaters. Also expanded the audience to the upper class. Through the efforts of Zukor and Roxy, movies became a mass media
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Narrative Cinema
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By 1903 there began to be narrative cinema. Movies that told a story. The first one was Great Train Robbery.
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The Star System
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Originally movies wouldn't list names because if they got famous you'd have to pay them more. Mary Pickford (Gladys Smith) overheard someone asking if she was in a movie. She realized people wanted to see her so she asked for a big raise and got. Thus began the star system.
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Vertical Integration
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Prior to Adolph Zukor the movie industry was in 3 parts, production, distribution and exhibition. He took these all and put them all under one company, Paramount. It was the first company to have all three.
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Studio System
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The studio system lasted from 1920-1960.
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Oligopoly
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A few major companies dominate an industry. Studio system: paramount, mgm, warner'sm columbia, universal, 20th century fox and United Artists.
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System of censorship in the studio system
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William Desmond Taylor was murdered and Fatty Arbuckle had a girl murdered in his home.The American Public was starting to get turned off by all the scandal so the MRPAA hired Will Hays who created the Hays Office where he censored scripts and movies. This restricted the kind of movies filmakers could make.
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Compensatory Moral Value
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If a character violates a moral rule like steals or curses they must be punished by the end of the movie
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Decline of the Studio System
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In 1947 Paramount vs U.S. The supreme court ruled that movie companies could not own their own theaters. Now they had no guarantee that their movies would be played . In 1949 with the advent of telivision, people began to stay home and watch tv. Lastly, in 1948 at the beginning of the cold war there was a lot of paranoia because of the blacklist (House of Un-american Activity Commission)
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The new studio system
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1960-present
The old studios merged to form conglomerates. Warner Bro's was bought by Time Warner. Disney became a major studio. The business became freelance. People would work together on a movie and then may never work together again. |
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The negative cost
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The cost to make the first digital form of the film. To make a profit you must do 2.5 times the negative cost in the domestic market (US and Canada). The real profit comes from the international market.
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Filming
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In the old studio days everything was filmed in Hollywood but in the 1950's they began to film on location elsewhere
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"Package"
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Comes through an agent, that agent has a track record. Writer sends script to directors and actors. Go to a studio asking for money.
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Bankable Star
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Their participation (actor, director, producer) means profit
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Movie Demographics
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In the old studio days everyone went to movies but the current demographic is 12-25. For 25-40's movies are too expensive and 40+ are not targeted at all
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Action movies
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Action movies are international for men 18.25 because there is less dialogue- everyone gets it, easily translatable.
Comedy is not universal. |
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Nut Cost
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The cost to run a theater for a week
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Ways to release a film
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Around a holiday, in limited release to build buzz/ offbeat movies often rely on reviews/ tv trailers & interviews for big blockbusters, usually will make profit even if bad review
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Theater Cost
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90% of proceeds goes to producer of film but 10% goes to renting the theater for a week/// Proceed- the nut = what's left/// 50% of profits for a theater come from concessions
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McClures
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Magazine that published stories by different muckrackers
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Samuel Morse
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Invented the telegram
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Invented the telephone in 1876
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James Clerk Maxwell
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created the theory of the electromagnetic spectrum in 1873, he believed that in the atmosphere there were several layers and that each layer had different waves of electricity
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Henrich Hertz
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Set out to prove the theory of the electromagnetic spectrum in 1887
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Guilermo Mariconi
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Was able to send a wireless telegraph in 1895. Was even able to send one across the atlantic. Later created "Marconi Stations" or receiving centers and became a very rich man.
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Reginald Fessenden
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Was able to send voices through current in 1906
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Dr.Lee Defarest
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Invented the audiontube in 1906 wich could generate power and block interruption from the environment. WIthout his invention radio would not exist so people called him the father of radio
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What brought radio into public knowledge?
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The sinking of the titanic was announced over the radio (list of survivors). Many people went to receiving stations to hear the latest news. By 1912 the public was aware of radio.
In addition, in 1920, KDKA announced the results of the presidential election before any newspapers did. By 1920, everyone knew about this radio. |
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David Sarnoff
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Was an immigrant that operated the marconi station on the night of the titanic. Became gofer for Marconi himself and Marconi helped him rise through the ranks. Founded NBC in 1927.
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First Wireless Conference
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the first wireless conference happened in 1901, distress signal (SOS) was agreed upon.
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Radio Act of 1912
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After the Titanic, the US government passed it which declared every ocean-going ship must have a radio. Also gave the secretary of commerce the power to issue radio licenses.
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Radio Conference of 1926-27
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Held by the secretary of commerce to sort out the issues of interference but no one could agree
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Zenuth vs. US
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The supreme court held that the secretary of commerce could not regulate radio
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Radio Act of 1927
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(Cornerstone of radio regulation) declared that radio waves belonged to the public but could be leased privately. Also created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to regulate the radio. The FRC replaced the secretary if commerce.
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Radio License Standard
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Public Interest, Convenience and necessity (PCan). Must maintain a minimum amount of news programming to benefit the public.
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Federal Communications Act of 1934
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Created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and they began to regulate all electronic devices
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William S Paley
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Stars CBS in 1928
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Edward J Noble
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Stars ABC in 1942
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Radio broadcasting 40's-80's
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Broadcasting operated as a network. Was an oligopoly.
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Serial Programming
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When you have a program with main characters each week they are developed a little more
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Amus and Andy
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Popular show in the 30's, each week the story would progress (was an example of serial programming).
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Irna Phillips
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Filled in for a friend on a radio show segment, 'Thought of the Day,' She decided to add characters and make it into a serial program. Lot's of laundry detergent companies started to sponsor her program and it became known as a 'soap opera'
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Golden Age of Radio
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1930's-1940's
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Fireside Chats
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FDR held his famous fireside chats to comfort his nation during the great depression. This was huge because before radio many people had never heard the president speak.
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Orson Wells
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Read War of the worlds on Halloween night in 1938. Many people freaked out because they didn't know it was fake.
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Radio is comprised of...
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music (easy-listening), news (NPR 1970's) and talk (Car Talk)
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Alan Freed
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Was a disc jockey who played "race music" and was fired for it. His fans protested and he was offered a job in NY. Called his program the "moondog hour" but a man who went by moondog told him to change it, so he changed it to Rock n' Roll and thus a new genre was born
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Vladimir Zworken
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Scientist who invented the iconoscope in 1927 which flashes behind the tv screen. Color tvs have three iconoscopes of the primary colors.
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Philo Earnsworth
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Scientist who invented the receiver (ability to project images electronically) in 1927, lines of pixels. There were 532 lines in the original television.
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NTSL
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National Television Standard group set the standards for television in 1942.
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Television was available to people
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In 1929
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Golden Age of Television
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1948-1952. Only wealthy people had tv sets, almost all television was in New York and everything was live
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Television took off in...
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the 1950's. By the 1960's over 90% of American Households had a television set.
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After the creation of the videotape...
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All television filming was done in LA because they didn't have to be live anymore
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Patrick Weaver
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Invented the morning and nighttime shows
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ACNielson
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Company which does tv ratings. Choose 9,000 families and track which tv shows they watch (how many and for how long). This # is an estimation of how many of the 114 million homes are actually watching it. A 1 rating means 1.4 million. A 1-5 is considered low. Nielson ratings are flawed. Do not measure every station each month, measure four months out the year, November, February, May and July, so the networks put their best shows on in these months. These months are called "the sweeps"
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Syndication
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when a popular show is sold to another network to play
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Original Syndication
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produced individually and sold to different networks
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Off-network syndication
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a show that has been on one network and is sold to another
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Barter syndication
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give a show but take all of the advertising minutes
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Benefits of syndication
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Kept many cable channels alive, if they don't get a hit of their own, they can buy one and producers make all their money when the show is in syndication.
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Structure of TV network
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ONO= Owned and Operated. Every network is in the big market and they have smaller affiliates to reach the whole country (FCC sets limits for how stations a network can own)
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CATV
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Cable Antenna Television or Cable Television
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Leap-Frogging
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Sending your signal to the people of another station & interfering with their signals. FCC put laws in place to prevent this.
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Ted Turner
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took a station owned by his father and started sending the signal all over the country. It became known as a "superstation." Also bought sports teams and MGM film rights so that he could show them whenever he wanted.
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Home Box Office
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Started out by sending programs to stations but later used satellites to send them out and became a "superstation"
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Primetime Television
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8pm-11pm
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Air-channels
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ABC, Fox, CBS & NBC. Were the 4 major channels until cable exploded in 1976.
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Three levels of cable
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Basic, premium (showtime) or special (movies on demand)
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Public Broadcasting
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Was underfunded and uninteresting. President Johnson wanted to change this. Created the Carnegie Commission in 1968 to change it. Changed the name to Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to raise money. Allowed every station to submit programming which they called 'localism.' First aired in 1968. Created Sesame Street. Also developed Newshour, NPR and Masterpiece Theater.
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