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20 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Anemia definition
(pathophysiological effects of anemia) |
reduced hemoglobin concentration
in general anemia causes what?Hint |
tissue hypoxia
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Anemia has 3 compensatory mechanisms
(pathophysiological effects of anemia) |
-EPO
-heartrate/stroke volume/capillary dilation = causing hyper dynamic circulation -DPG (diphosphoglycerate) DPG in red blood cell = facilitates oxygen from hemoglobin in tissues |
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anemia and its compensatory mechanisms will eventually cause what?
(pathophysiological effects of anemia) |
-Cardiac Murmurs
-High Output Cardiac Failure |
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anemia has 3 etiologies
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-blood loss
-increased destruction -impaired production |
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Anemia based on blood loss is from?
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-Colon cancer bleeding
-menses -blood loss causes low reticulocyte count -a slow loss is also affiliated with iron deficiency |
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anemia based on increased destruction is from
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-Hemolytic anemia
aka: hemolysis least common -normal reticulocyte count |
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Anemia based on impaired production
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-not a reticulocyte count problem
-Folate -B12 -iron = the above make 1-C |
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Hereditary Anemias
4 types |
-Hereditary Spherocytosis =
Spherocytosis / elliptocytosis Autosomal Dominant RBC membrane/cytoskeleton Dys.. -G6PD deficiency = Oxidative damage (O3 radicals) X-Linked Recessive / mostly Blacks -Thalassemia (deficient globulin chain synthesis) Alpha Gene Deletion or Beta Point Mutation -Sickle cell anemia = Autosomal recessive HgB S and presence of other HgB within the cell. |
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3 broad reasons for anemia:
Construction failure? Vitamin failure? Chemical/disease causes? |
Stem cell failure = aplastic anemia or pure red cell aplasia
-no replacement bone marrow No EPO stimulation (i.e. chronic renal disease) Deffective DNA: Megaloblastic anemia = vitamin B12 deficiency / folic acid deficiency Defective hemoglobin synthesis: -iron deficiency -chronic disease -sideroblastic anemias Nutritional and toxic factors: #1 scurvy #2 protein malnutrition #3 chronic liver disease #4 hypothyroidism #5 chronic disease/infection/cancer |
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blood loss anemia 2 kinds?
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Acute
Chronic |
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Hemolytic Anemias
what are the two basic causes |
-intrinsic red cell defects
-Extrinsic factors |
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D. I C.
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disseminated intravascular coagulation
Clotting factor is used up by all of the small hemorrhages and large hemorrhage has no ability to clot. |
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In Macrocytic Anemia
Lab MCV / MCHC will be what? |
MCV increased
MCHC normal hint: What causes Macrocytic Anemia? |
folic acid deficiency
vitamin B12 deficiency liver disease hypothyroidism posthemorrhagic 2 |
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In Microcytic Anemia
MCV / MCHC are What |
MCV decreased
MCHC decreased hint: What causes Microcytic Anemia? |
iron deficiency
thalassemia sideroblastic anemia |
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Normocytic Anemia
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MCV normal
MCHC normal What are 5 causes of micro |
aplastic anemia
chronic disease chronic renal failure posthemorrhatgic2 hemolytic anemias (some) • Deficient diet • Decrease absorption • Increase requirements o Pregnancy o Lactation • Blood loss o GI o Menstrual o Blood donation • Hemoglobinuria • Iron sequestration o Pulmonary hemosiderosis |
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normochromic
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MCV decrease-increased
MCHC normal What classsification of cell is this? |
spherocytosis
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B12 deficiency causes what kind of deficit
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neurological (such as tingly fingers)
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folic acid can be obtained from what food?
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salad bar
Hint |
get red hemoglobin cells from folate
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Beta-thalassemia
also known as thalassemia major needs what kind of treatment? is caused by what? |
requires regular transfusions
homozygous is a gene deletion gene deletions defective transcription/translation |
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Alpha thalassemia
what kind of carrier? what causes Thalessemia? |
silent carrier
gene deletions |
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