Medex Pathologogy 2 Test

Front 1

Mallory-Weiss tear

Back 1

Tearing of the lower esophagus may occur after severe vomiting with a full stomach, leading to perforation and hemorrhage from local vessels.

Front 2

Hiatus hernia

Back 2

occur when the upper part of the stomach moves through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity,

Front 3

Sliding hiatus hernia:

Back 3

the stomach herniates through the diaphragmatic hiatus through which the lower esophagus normally passes

Front 4

Esophageal varices

Back 4

When the pressure in the portal venous system is high (diffuse long-standing liver disease), the esophageal submucosal venous channels become enormously dilated to form esophageal varices, which may protrude slightly into the lumen

Front 5

o Acute gastritis

Back 5

superficial acute inflammation of gastric mucosa. It is most often caused by ingested chemicals, the most common being alcohol, aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin.

Front 6

. Describe the predisposing causes and potential complications of reflux esophagitis, especially Barrett’s esophagus.

Back 6

. Predisposing causes include those that increase intra-abdominal pressure:
• Over eating
• Pregnancy
• Poor posture

Front 7

Describe the predisposing causes and potential complications of reflux esophagitis, especially Barrett’s esophagus.

Back 7

And those that render the lower esophageal sphincter lax or incompetent:
• Hiatal hernia
• Smoking
• Alcohol ingestion

Front 8

potential complications of esophageal reflux

Back 8

• Reflux esophagitis: the esophageal mucosa becomes acutely inflamed
• Peptic ulceration of lower esophagus: small ulcers usually develop, which become chronic, with fibrosis
• Lower esophageal stricture: chronic peptic ulceration causes progressive fibrous thickening of the lower esophagus wall. The resultant narrowing causes difficulty in swallowing
• Barrett’s esophagus: Persistent esophageal reflux causes metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa, the squamous epithelium being replaced by glandular epithelium composed of tall columnar cells. Also termed columnar epithelial-lined esophagus (CELO). Barrett’s esophagus can progress from metaplastic glandular epithelium to epithelial dysplasia and then to frank adenocarcinom

Front 9

what is wilsons disease

Back 9

autosomal receive liver disease body retrains copper

Front 10

identify causes of ischemia and infarction of the bowel

Back 10

ileus colon stops moving emboli,thrombus,venous stragulation

Front 11

descibe the causes and complications of diverticulitis

Back 11

rupture,abcess,peritintitis

Front 12

stages and complications of acute appendicitis

Back 12

inflamation,pritiitis,necrosis,
perforation of the bowel

Front 13

define peritonitis common causes and complications ex ileus and adhesions

Back 13

Acute peritonitis:
inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, particularly after perforation of the gut.
less commonly, due to primary infection, seen in patients with nephritic syndrome and cirrhosis.Chronic infection with tuberculosis.

Front 14

ileus

Back 14

obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis

Front 15

ascites and common causes

Back 15

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal

increased pressure in portal vein system

Front 16

main functions of the liver

Back 16

synthesize proteins
,metabolism,clearance,
storage

Front 17

risk factors to cervical carcinoma

Back 17

sexually active before 17,stds,socioeco,smoking,hpv,hiv

Front 18

early signs of squamous cell carcinoma in the cervix

Back 18

vaginal bleeding

Front 19

acute endometritis characterized
by what

Back 19

infiltration of endometrial glands by

Front 20

12. Identify predisposing factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

Back 20

human papillomavirus infection
uncircumcised men

Front 21

acute endometritis is a complication of what

Back 21

miscarriage or parturition

Front 22

Gynecomastia

Back 22

male breast is most commonly idiopathic, but may be a sign of underlying endocrine disturbance
klinefelters

Front 23

adenocarcinoma of the breast(men)

Back 23

1% no lobes uncommon can have pagets

Front 24

liver carcinoma

Back 24

usually comes from colon

Front 25

. Identify the most important causes of pulmonary hypertension, and its clinical effects. Define cor pulmonale.

Back 25

• Chronic obstructive airways disease.
Fibrosis of the lungs
Chronic pulmonary venous congestion

Front 26

. Describe the process of pulmonary edema and identify the main cause.

Back 26

Pulmonary edema increase of fluid in alveolar wall main cause failure of the left ventricle, increased pressure in the alveolar capillaries.

Front 27

caput medusa

Back 27

dilated umbilical vein

Front 28

when the uterine cavity is filled with pus

Back 28

pyometra

Front 29

clinical effects of pulmonary hypertension

Back 29

rightsided heart failure cor pulmonale

Front 30

Identify the most common cause of infection of bronchi and bronchioles

Back 30

commonly due to viruses

Front 31

Identify common complications of both bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia.

Back 31

bronch complications include lung abscess, pleural infection, and septicemia.
lobar pleurisy, lung abscess, and septicemia.

Front 32

Community-acquired pneumonia is usually caused by gram-positive bacteria

Back 32

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae Legionella Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Staphylococcus aureus

Front 33

Hospital-acquired pneumonias are mainly due to gram-negative bacteria

Back 33

e.g. Klesiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia) Legionella,

Front 34

Describe the causes and potential complications of aspiration pneumonia.

Back 34

by chemical and infective damage to lungs Gastric acidDevelopment of lung abscess is a frequent complication of aspiration pneumonia.

Front 35

Describe the pattern of inflammation seen in atypical pneumonia, and identify common causes.

Back 35

Mycoplasma pneumoniae.)Atpical pneumonia is characterized by inflammation in alveolar septa.
Can be caused by infection from viruses like Chlamydia,rickettsia

Front 36

11. Identify several causes of viral or fungal infections of the lungs.

Back 36

Viral:
• Influenza
Cytomegalovirus
meassles –
Varicella-chicken pox of the lung Fungal
Aspergillus
Histoplasmosis,
coccidioidomycosis
sporotrichosis
Cryptococcal pneumonia
Candida

Front 37

12. Describe the effects of immunosuppression on patients who develop pneumonia.

Back 37

Immunosuppressed patients develop opportunistic pneumonias
Myobacterial infection can be with M tuberculosis or with atypical myobacteria
Viruses, e.g. CMV and herpes simplex
Fungi, e.g. Candida, Asperigillus and Pneumocystis carinni

Front 38

13. Define bronchiectasis and describe the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of this condition.

Back 38

Bronchiectasis is abnormal dilation of the bronchial tree and predisposes to infection
Abnormal dilation of main bronchi is termed bronchiectasis.Interference with drainage of bronchial secretions
Obstruction of proximal airway, e.g. tumor foreign body

Front 39

14. Identify common causes and complications of lung abscesses.

Back 39

The main complications of an abscess are rupture into pleura, causing empyema and pneumonthorax; hemorrhage from erosion into pulmonary vessel; and bacteremia causing cerebral abscess.

Front 40

6. Define emphysema and describe the pathogenesis and pathologic changes in the lungs.

Back 40

dilatation of air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls without scarringIn practical terms, there is loss of elastic recoil in lungs as respiratory tissue is destroyed and the area available for gas exchange is reduced.

Front 41

17. Define chronic bronchitis and describe the structural changes and clinical consequences.

Back 41

cough productive of sputum on most days for 3 months of the year for at least 2 successive years’.In chronic bronchitis the main abnormality is secretion of abnormal amounts of mucus, causing plugging of the airway lumen (P).

Front 42

18. Describe the mixed disease state known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Back 42

smokers who have persistent cough with sputum, breathlessness on exertion, and airways obstruction. These patients have a mixture of the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, as described earlier.

Front 43

19. Describe the pathophysiology of restrictive lung disease, and distinguish between the acute and chronic patterns.

Back 43

acute restrictive lung disease, the main features of which are exudation and edema;
chronic restrictive lung disease, the main features of which are inflammation and fibrosis
Restrictive lung diseases cause reduced compliance of the lungs, i.e. they are difficult to expand with respiration. The main reason for this pattern of respiratory dysfunction is abnormality of alveolar walls that renders them rigid, usually by edema or fibrosis.

Front 44

20. Describe the pathophysiology of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and identify common causes.

Back 44

caused by diffuse alveolar damageMajor trauma, especially associated with raised intracranial pressure
Septicemia
Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents
Inhalation of toxic fumes or smoke
Major burns
Near-drowning
Pneumonia from many causes requiring ventilation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
massive blood transfusion
Amniotic fluid embolism
Acute pancreatitis
Cardiac surgery with bypass
Radiation injury
Certain types of anti-tumor chemotherapy
Paraquat (herbicide) poisoning

Front 45

24. Describe the pathophysiology of sarcoidosis.

Back 45

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause characterized by the presence of non-caseaing granulomas in tissues.

Front 46

23. Identify Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare as a mycobacterial infection commonly seen in AIDS patients.

Back 46

resembling lepromatous leprosy. This organism may also produce a classic caseating granulomatous disease of the lung, similar to that seen in pulmonary TB due to M. tuberculosis.

Front 47

5. Describe the pathophysiology of lung cancer, including causative factors, four main histological types, common routes of metastasis, and non-metastatic extrapulmonary syndromes.

Back 47

four main histological types
squamous cell carcinoma (50%)
adenocarcinoma (including bronchoalveolar carcinoma) (20%)
small-cell anaplastic carcinoma (oat-cell carcinoma)(20%)
large-cell anaplastic carcinoma (10%)
local,lymphatic.transcoelimic,
hematengenous, NMES ex hormones

Front 48

26. Identify the several types of fluid which can accumulate in the pleural space; distinguish between transudates and exudates.

Back 48

exudate=high protein
transudate+low protein
pus,blood,chle,transudate,air

Front 49

27. Define pleurisy and identify the most common cause.

Back 49

Acute inflammation of the pleura.
The most common cause of pleurisy is infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Bacteroides.