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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 embryonic dilations
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TA
BC PV PA |
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2 adult structures from TA
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Aorta
Pulm Trunk |
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2 adult structures from BC
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Smth part of R. and L ventricle
(R = conus arteriosus) (L = aortic vesitbule) |
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2 adult structures from PV
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R. and L. trabeculated part of ventricles
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2 adult structures from PA?
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Trabeculated part of R. and L. atrium
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3 adult structures formed by sinus venosus?
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R. smooth part of R. atrium
L. coronary sinus oblique vein of Left atrium |
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what's unique about sinus venosus?
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only dilation that doesn't become subdivided by a septum
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What separates aorta from pulmonary trunk w/ the TA?
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Neural crest cells
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2 types of ASDs
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secundum
foramen ovale |
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cause of secundum type ASD?
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excessive resorption of the septum primum
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Drawback of large PFO?
Result of premature closer of FO? |
large: paradoxical embolis
closed: hypertrophy of R. side of heart and underdevelopment of left side |
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Result of early membranous VSD?
when do you see symptoms? Result late membranous VSD? Early or late cyanosis? |
Early = L. to R shunt
SX's w/exertion Late = eisenmenger w/pulmonary hypertension: R to L shunt Late cyanosis |
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What shunt is assoc. w/ transposition
of great vessels? what is needed to live? |
R. to left shunt
Need PDA or VSD |
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most common congenital CYANOTIC
cardiac anomaly? |
tetralogy of fallot
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what are the 4 parts to the tetrology?
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1. PS
2. Overriding aorta 3. Interventricular septal defect 4. right ventricular hypertrophy |
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what is the cause of tetrology of Fallot?
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Aortico pulmonary septum fails to align properly
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what is a condition where you have only one large vessel that leaves the heart?
What's needed to live? Is there cyanosis? |
Persistent truncus arteriosus?
Need a membranous ventricular septal defect There is cyanosis |
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Cause of persistent truncus arteriosus?
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AP septum fails to align properly
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what hormone sustains the patency of the the ductus arteriosus? what condition?
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Prostaglandin E
intrauterine or neonatal asphyxia |
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What's used to promote the closure of a ductus arteriosus?
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PGE inhibitors:
indomethocine, acetylcholine, histamine, and catecholamines |
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When is a PDA common?
What kind of shunt is involved w/PDA after birth? |
premature infants and cases of maternal rubella infection
Left to Right shunt (before birth = R to Left) |
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what vessel allows fetal blood to bypass the liver?
What allows the fetal blood flow to bypass the lungs? |
ductus venosus = liver bypass
Ductus arteriosus = lung bypass |
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Where is the highest oxygenation in fetal circulation?
Lowest? |
highest = umbilical vein
lowest = ductus arteriosus |
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What are the 2 main divisions of the thoracic cavity?
What's the landmark? |
superior mediastinum above the sternal angle
inferior mediastinum below the sternal angle |
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The inferior mediastinum is divided into what 3 parts?
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anterior
middle posterior mediastinum |
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What is the 1 thing contained in the anterior mediastinum?
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Heat and remnants of thymus
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What are the 2 things contained in the middle mediastinum?
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heart and great vessels
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What are the vertebral levels at which the IVC, Esophagus and Aorta pass thru the diaphragm?
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IVC = V8 (caval hiatus)
Esph = V10 (esophageal hiatus) Aorta = V12 (aortic hiatus) |
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What artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
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R. coronary artery
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what is the distal branch of the R. coronary artery?
what does it supply? |
Posterior interventricular artery
Supplies the interventricular septum |
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What artery supplies the anterior part o the interventricular septum?
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Left coronary artery via the LAD
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What are the 2 main branches off the left coronary artery?
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circumflex
LAD |
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What are the top 3 obstructed arteries in an MI?
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LAD: 50%
R. coronary: 30% circumflex: 20% |
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what is the auricle derived from?
what is the rough myocardium called that is found w/in it? |
derived from fetal atrium
has pectinate muscle w/in it |
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What is the sinus venarum?
where does it get its blood from? |
smooth walled portion of atrium
receives blood from superior and inferior venae cavae. |
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What is the crista terminalis?
What is in the upper part of the Crista terminalis |
vertical ridge that separates smooth from rough portion of the R. atrium
SA node is in the upper part of the crista terminalis |
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what are the ridges of myocardium in the ventricle walls called?
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trabeculae carneae
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What are two common systolic valvular defects with murmurs?
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aortic stenosis
mitral regurge/insufficiency |
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2 Common diastolic valvular defects?
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mitral stenosis
aortic insufficiency |
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What forms the base of the heart?
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the 2 atria
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what forms the anterior surface of the heart?
posterior? diaphragmatic? |
anterior = R. ventricle
posterior = L. atrium diaphragmatic = L. ventricle |
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What is the pathway from the electrical impulse from the SA node to the ventricles?
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SA node
AV node Bundle of HIS Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricles |
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What supplies sympathetic innervation to the heart?
Function? |
T1 to T5 spinal cord segments
Increases HR |
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What nerve supplies the parasympathetic innervation to the Heart?
Function? |
Vagus
slows the heart |
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Ventricles and Atria
Phase 0 upstroke |
increased fast Na
decreased iK1 |
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Ventricles and Atria
Rapid rpolarization phase (1) |
fast Na channels closed
iK/slow transient conduction |
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Ventricles and Atria
phase 2 plateau |
increased Ca: slow L-type channels
increased iK transiently |
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Ventricles and atria
phase 3 repolarization |
decreased Calcium, slow L type channels
increased iK then iK1 opens(faster) |
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Ventricle and Atria
Phase 4/resting potential |
increased K1
iK (slow) are closed or closing |
