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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 2 most common routes of administration of general anesthetics
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intravenously or inhaled
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How is the induction and withdrawal of general anesthesia described
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rapid and pleasant
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Do general anesthetics cause skeletal muscles to relax
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yes causes adequate relaxation
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Are general anesthetics safe, toxic, explosive, or cause adverse effects
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wide margin of safety, nontoxic, nonflammable or explosive, and cause no adverse effects
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Is general anesthesia very expensive
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no it is very inexpensive
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Nitrous oxide, Diethylether and Cyclopropane are three small molecule general anesthetics and have one similar property
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they are very flammable
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Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, Methoxyflurane, Sevoflurane, Nitrous oxide, Diethylether and Cyclopropane are all considered...
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small molecule general anesthetics
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Stage one of general anesthetics
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Analgesia: causes amnesia and euphoria which is adequate for some procedures
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Stage two of general anesthetics
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Delirium: causes excitement and combative behavior, should be avoided!!
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Stage three of general anesthetics
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Surgical Anesthesia: unconsciousness, regular respiration, decreased eye movement, has four stages
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Stage four of general anesthesia
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Respiratory Paralysis: medullary depression, respiratory arrest, cardiac depression and arrest, no eye movement
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During this stage of general anesthesia the patient has amnesia and euphoria
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Stage one, Analgesia
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During this stage of general anesthesia the patient has excitement and combative behavior
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Stage two, delirium
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During this stage of general anesthesia the patient has unconsciousness, regular respiration and decreased eye movement
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Stage three, surgical anesthesia
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During this stage of anesthesia the patient has medullary depression, respiratory arrest, cardiac depression and arrest, and no eye movement
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Stage four, respiratory paralysis
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Four planes that Stage Three anesthesia is divided into characterized by increasing CNS depression
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1. loss of spinal reflexes
2. decreased muscle reflexes 3. paralysis of intercostal muscles 4. loss of most muscle tone |
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Inhaled and exhaled gases<-->Alveoli<-->Blood<-->Tissues including brain
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Dynamic equilibrium
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Anesthetics that are this in the blood require a longer time to achieve saturation of the blood compartment and thus require longer for recovery
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highly soluble in blood
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This type of anesthetic will quickly saturate the blood compartment and rapidly enter the tissues to produce a short induction period
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poorly soluble anesthetics
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The solubility of an agent in blood is usually expressed as
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blood/gas partition coefficient
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The ratio of the concentration of anesthetic in blood to that in the gas phase at equilibrium
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Blood/gas partition coefficient
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Is the blood/gas partition coefficient or the oil/gas partition coefficient easier to determine experimentally?
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oil/gas partition coefficient
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MAC
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minimun alveolar concentration
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The percent of concentration of 1 atmosphere of anesthetic in the alveoli that is required to produce immobility of 50% of adult patients subjected to a surgical incision
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MAC
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An increase from 1 atmosphere to 1.3 atmosphere in MAC will frequently cause immobility in this percent of patients
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99%
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At equilibrium the concentration of an anesthetic in the alveoli is equal to that in which compartment
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the brain
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MAC is often used as a measure of the potency of...
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individual anesthetic agents
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When used in combinations the MACs for inhaled anesthetics are
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additive
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This anesthetic has the highest blood/gas(12) and oil/gas(970) partition coefficients
*is therefore more stable and safe |
Methoxyflurane
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This anesthetic has the lowest blood/gas(0.47) and oil/gas(1.4) partition coefficients
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Nitrous Oxide
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Recovery from general anesthesia requires a reduction in the concentration of anesthesia in
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the brain
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To reduce the concentration of anesthesia in the brain, the delivery of the anesthetic through these must be stopped
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the lungs
*as the patient continues to breathe, the anesthetic is continually removed |
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The rate at which recovery from anesthesia occurs generally ________ that of induction
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parallels
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The main route of elimination of anesthesia is via
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expired air
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What three essential ingredients are required for any combustion?
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1. an ignition source
2. a combustible material 3. an oxidizing agent |
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Are substances flammable in pure oxygen or N2O?
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Yes
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Are substances flammable in air?
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NO
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Higher minimum flammable concentrations (MFC) mean that the agent is
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less flammable and more stable
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