Med Terms Chapter 5

Front 1

3 layers of heart

Back 1

endocardium: lines interior cavities, myocardium: thick, musclar layer, picardium: outer membrane

Front 2

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

Back 2

vessel

Front 3

aort/o

Back 3

aorta

Front 4

arteri/o

Back 4

artery

Front 5

atri/o

Back 5

atrium

Front 6

cardi/o

Back 6

heart

Front 7

coron/o

Back 7

circle or crown

Front 8

my/o

Back 8

muscle

Front 9

pector/o, steth/o

Back 9

chest

Front 10

sphygm/o

Back 10

pulse

Front 11

thromb/o

Back 11

clot

Front 12

ven/o, phleb/o

Back 12

vein

Front 13

varic/o

Back 13

swollen, twisted vein

Front 14

ventricul/o

Back 14

ventricle (belly or pouch)

Front 15

atrium

Back 15

upper right or left chamber of the heart

Front 16

endocardium

Back 16

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

Front 17

epicardium

Back 17

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

Front 18

interatrial septum

Back 18

partition b/n the right and left atria

Front 19

interventricular septum

Back 19

partition b/n the right and left ventricles

Front 20

myocardium

Back 20

heart muscle

Front 21

pericardium

Back 21

protective sac enclosing the heart composed of 2 layers with fluid b/n

Front 22

viceral pericardium

Back 22

layer closest to the heart

Front 23

parietal pericardium

Back 23

outer layer

Front 24

pericardial cavity

Back 24

fluid-filled cavity b/n the pericardial layers

Front 25

ventricle

Back 25

lower right or left chamber of the heart

Front 26

heart valves

Back 26

structures w/in the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

Front 27

aortic valve

Back 27

heart valve b/n the left ventricle and the aorta

Front 28

mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

Back 28

heart valve b/n the left atrium and the left ventricle

Front 29

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 29

heart valve opening from right ventricle to the pulmonary arter

Front 30

tricuspid valve

Back 30

valve b/n the right atrium and the right ventricle

Front 31

valves of the vein

Back 31

valves located at intervals w/in lining of veins, esp in legs (move blood back to heart)

Front 32

arteries

Back 32

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

Front 33

aorta

Back 33

large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

Front 34

arterioles

Back 34

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Front 35

capillaries

Back 35

tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

Front 36

venules

Back 36

small vesels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Front 37

veins

Back 37

vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

Front 38

systemic circulation

Back 38

circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

Front 39

coronary circulation

Back 39

criculation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

Front 40

pulmonary circulation

Back 40

circulation of blood from pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for exchange of gases

Front 41

diastole

Back 41

to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

Front 42

systole

Back 42

to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Front 43

normotension

Back 43

normal blood pressure

Front 44

hypotension

Back 44

low blood pressure

Front 45

hypertension (HTN)

Back 45

high blood pressure

Front 46

sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 46

pacemaker; in right atrium; initiating electrical conduction of hearbeat, causing atria to contract and fire conduction of impules to AV node

Front 47

atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 47

receives and ampliefies conduction of impulses from SA node to bundle of His

Front 48

bundle of His

Back 48

neurological fibers extending from AV node to right and left bundle branches that fire impulse from AV node to the Purkinje fibers

Front 49

Purkinje fibers (Purkinje network)

Back 49

fibers in ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Front 50

polarization

Back 50

resting; resting state of myocardial cell

Front 51

depolarization

Back 51

change of myocardial cell from polarized (resting) state to state of contraction

Front 52

repolarization

Back 52

recharging of myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state

Front 53

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

Back 53

regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (avg 60-100 beats/min)

Front 54

aneurysm

Back 54

widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness

Front 55

saccular aneurysm

Back 55

sac-like bulge on one side

Front 56

fusiform aneurysm

Back 56

spindle-shaped bulge

Front 57

dissecting aneurysm

Back 57

split or tear of vessel wall

Front 58

angina pectoris

Back 58

chest pain caused by loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle (narrowing of coronary arteries)

Front 59

arteriosclerosis

Back 59

thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls

Front 60

atheromatous plaque

Back 60

swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)

Front 61

claudication

Back 61

to limp; pain in a limb while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply

Front 62

constriction

Back 62

compression of a part that cuases narrowing (stenosis)

Front 63

diaphoresis

Back 63

profuse sweating (perspiration)

Front 64

embolus

Back 64

cloth carried in bloodstream that obstructs flow of blood when it lodges

Front 65

heart murmur

Back 65

abnormal sound from heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

Front 66

infarct

Back 66

to stuff; localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel

Front 67

ischemia

Back 67

to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occulsion of blood vessel

Front 68

perfusion deficit

Back 68

lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc

Front 69

occlusion

Back 69

plugging; an obstruction or a closing off

Front 70

palpitation

Back 70

subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

Front 71

stenosis

Back 71

condition of narrowing of a part

Front 72

thrombosis

Back 72

stationary blood clot

Front 73

vegetation

Back 73

to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection

Front 74

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Back 74

signs and symptoms - active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of thrombus, or spasm w/in coronary artery, causing reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; lead to myocardial infarction, unstable angina; early diagnosis and rapid tx are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle

Front 75

arrhythmia / dysrhythmia

Back 75

any several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

Front 76

bradycardia

Back 76

slow heart rate < 60 bpm

Front 77

fibrillation

Back 77

chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation

Front 78

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

Back 78

ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)

Front 79

tachycardia

Back 79

fast heart rate > 100 bpm

Front 80

bacterial endocarditis

Back 80

bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

Front 81

cardiac tamponade

Back 81

compression of heart produced by accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac, as results from pericarditits or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel w/in the heart

Front 82

cardiomyopathy

Back 82

general term for disease of heart muscle

Front 83

congential anomaly of the heart

Back 83

malformations of the heart that are present at birth

Front 84

atrial septal defect (ASD)

Back 84

opening in septum separating the atria

Front 85

coarctation of the aorta

Back 85

narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

Front 86

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Back 86

abnormal opening b/n pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth

Front 87

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Back 87

opening in septum separating the ventricles

Front 88

congestive heart failure (CHF) / right ventricular failure

Back 88

failure of left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that my extend ot the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body

Front 89

coronary artery disease

Back 89

condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis

Front 90

essential hypertension / primary hypertension

Back 90

high blood pressure attributed to no single cause (smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, hereditary)

Front 91

secondary hypertension

Back 91

high blood pressure caused by effects of another disease

Front 92

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 92

protrusion of one or both cusps of mitral valve back into left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

Front 93

myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 93

heart attack; death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia as result of occlusion of coronary artery; sx = chest pain, sob, diaphoresis, nausea

Front 94

myocarditis

Back 94

inflammation of myocardium (viral or bacterial)

Front 95

pericarditits

Back 95

inflammation of pericardium

Front 96

rheumatic heart disease

Back 96

damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (steptococcal infection)

Front 97

sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

Back 97

abrupt cessation of any cardiac output, most commonly as result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death defibrillation is initiated immediately

Front 98

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Back 98

formation of clot in deep vein of body, occuring most in femoral and iliac veins

Front 99

phlebitis

Back 99

inflammation of a vein

Front 100

thrombophlebitis

Back 100

inflammation of vein associated with clot formation

Front 101

varicose veins

Back 101

abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often in legs

Front 102

auscultation

Back 102

physical exam method of listening to sounds w/in body w/ stethoscope

Front 103

gallop

Back 103

abnormal heart sound that mimics gait of horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction

Front 104

electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)

Back 104

electrical picture of heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with letters P, Q, R, S, T = events of cardiac cycle

Front 105

stress electrocardiogram

Back 105

EKG of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill); useful in detecting heart conditions

Front 106

Holter ambulatory monitor

Back 106

portable electrocardiograph worn by patient that monitors electrical activity of heart over 24 hrs; usueful in detecting periodic abnormalities

Front 107

intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)

Back 107

invasive procedure: placement of catheter-guided electrodes w/in heart to evaluate and map electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at same time to treat arrhythmia

Front 108

intracardiac catheter ablation

Back 108

use of radiofrequency waves sent through cathter w/in heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways

Front 109

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Back 109

magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology

Front 110

nuclear medicine imaging

Back 110

radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotops to visualize structures and to analyze functions

Front 111

myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan

Back 111

scan of heart made after IV of isotope as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proprotion ot blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease

Front 112

myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan

Back 112

nuclear perfusion scan of heart made before and after induction of controlled physical exercise or drug that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate

Front 113

mutiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

Back 113

nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected in the bloodstream and traced through the heart's chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping funciton of the ventricles

Front 114

posittron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart

Back 114

use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress

Front 115

radiology

Back 115

x-ray imaging

Front 116

angiography

Back 116

process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement

Front 117

angiogram

Back 117

record obtained by angiography

Front 118

coronary angiogram

Back 118

x-ray image of blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast

Front 119

arteriogram

Back 119

x-ray image of particular artery

Front 120

aortogram

Back 120

x-ray image of aorta

Front 121

venogram

Back 121

x-ray image of vein

Front 122

cardiac catheterization

Back 122

place catheter through vein or artery into heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures w/in heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine fim imaging of chambers of heart and coronary arteries (often includes angioplasty and atherectomy)

Front 123

left heart catheterization

Back 123

x-ray imaging of left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries

Front 124

right heart catheterization

Back 124

measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart

Front 125

ventriculogram

Back 125

x-ray image of the ventricles

Front 126

stroke volume (SV)

Back 126

measurement of amount of blood ejected from ventricle in one contraction

Front 127

cardiac output (CO)

Back 127

measurement of amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of heart

Front 128

ejection fraction

Back 128

measurement of volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction

Front 129

computed tomographic angiography (CTA)

Back 129

3D computed tomographic scan of heart and circulation of "greater" blood vessels (coronary arteries, aorta, pumonary veins)

Front 130

sonography

Back 130

sonographic imaging

Front 131

echocardiography

Back 131

recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion

Front 132

stress echocardiogram (stress echo)

Back 132

echocardiogram of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise or drug that produces exercise effect; useful in detection conditions ie ischemia or infarction

Front 133

transesophogeal echocardiogram (TEE)

Back 133

echocardiogram of the heart after placement of ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus

Front 134

Doppler sonography

Back 134

ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine presence of deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficency or to determine flow through heart, chambers, valves, etc

Front 135

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Back 135

grafting portion of blood vessel retrieved from another part of body to bypass in occluded coronary artery

Front 136

anastomosis

Back 136

opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to another

Front 137

endarterectomy

Back 137

surgical removal of lining of artery to clear blcokage caused by clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup

Front 138

valve replacement

Back 138

replace diseased heart valve w/ artificial valve (tissue valves from animal tissue and mechanical valve from synthetic material)

Front 139

valvuloplasty

Back 139

surgical repair of defective heart valve

Front 140

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Back 140

interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease performed at time of cardiac catheterization in specialized lab setting instead of OR

Front 141

angioscopy / vascular endoscopy

Back 141

use fo flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided through specific blood vessel to visually assess lesion and to select mode of therapy

Front 142

atherectomy

Back 142

excision of atheromatous plaque from w/in artery utilizing device housed in flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulerizes tissue buildup

Front 143

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 143

method for treating narrowing of coronary artery by inserting catheter with balloon attachment, then inflate to dilate vessel to restore flow

Front 144

intravescular stent placement

Back 144

device used to reinforce wall of vessel and assure patency (openess); used to treat stenosis / dissection / after angioplasty

Front 145

defibrillation

Back 145

termination of ventricular fibrillation by delievering electrical stimulus to heart (by applying electrodes to chest)

Front 146

defibrillator

Back 146

device that delievers electrical stimulus in defibrillation

Front 147

cardioversion

Back 147

restoration of fast or irregular heart rate to normal rhythm (via drugs or electrical energy)

Front 148

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Back 148

implanted, battery-operated device w/ rate-sensing leads; monitors cardiac impulses and initates electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia

Front 149

pacemaker

Back 149

deviced used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating heart to contract

Front 150

angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Back 150

supress converstion of angiotension in blood by inhibiting ACE; used to treat hypertension

Front 151

antianginal

Back 151

drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to tissues to relieve pain of angina pectoris

Front 152

antiarrhythmic

Back 152

drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia

Front 153

anticoagulant

Back 153

drug that prevents clotting of blood; used to treat thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction

Front 154

antihypertensive

Back 154

drug that lowers blood pressure

Front 155

beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta-blockers)

Back 155

inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and lowering of pressure w/in walls of vessels (treat angina pectoris and hypertension)

Front 156

calcium channel blockers

Back 156

inhibit entry of Ca2+ into heart muscle, causing slowing heart rate, lessening of demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to cause dilation (treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension)

Front 157

cardiotonic

Back 157

increases force of myocardial contractions in heart; used to treat congestive heart failure

Front 158

diuretic

Back 158

increases secretion of urine; treat hypertension

Front 159

hypolipidemic

Back 159

drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

Front 160

thrombolytic agents

Back 160

drug that dissolve thrombi; used in acute management of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

Front 161

vasoconstrictor

Back 161

drug that causes narrowing of blood vessels thereby dec blood flow

Front 162

vasodilator

Back 162

drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow