Med. Term Chp. 15

Front 1

brain

Back 1

comprising the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Front 2

cerebrum

Back 2

main (largest) portion of the brain, occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity
-its 2 hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum, form the largest part of the CNS in humans

Front 3

cerebellum

Back 3

situated on the back of the brain stem; consisting of a median lobe (vermis) and two lateral lobes (the hemispheres)

Front 4

brain stem

Back 4

stemlike portion of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and comprismising the pons, medulla, oblongata, and midbrain

Front 5

encephalon

Back 5

located between the cerebrum and midbrain, it contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal glands. Involved in controlling body temp, sleep, appetite, blood pressure, and sexual activity

Front 6

spinal cord

Back 6

the part of the CNS lodged in the spinal column

Front 7

meninges

Back 7

the 3 membranes covering the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Front 8

dura mater

Back 8

outermost, toughest of the 3 meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Front 9

arachnoid

Back 9

the delicate membrane interposed between the dura mater and the pia mater

Front 10

pia mater

Back 10

the innermost of the 3 meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

Front 11

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 11

fluid within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal

Front 12

Cranial nerves

Back 12

the 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the cranial cavity through various openings in the skull
Oh Oh Oh To touch and feel a girls vagina, ahhhh, heaven

Front 13

olfactory

Back 13

sense of smell

Front 14

optic

Back 14

vision

Front 15

oculomotor

Back 15

movements of the eye

Front 16

trochlear

Back 16

muscles of the eyes

Front 17

trigeminal

Back 17

facial movements

Front 18

abducens

Back 18

muscles of the eye turning the eye outward

Front 19

facial

Back 19

muscles of the face, ears, and scalp

Front 20

auditory

Back 20

pertaining to the ear or the sense of hearing

Front 21

glossopharyngeal

Back 21

pertaining to the tongue and pharynx

Front 22

pneumogastric vagus

Back 22

voice and swallowing

Front 23

spinal

Back 23

neck muscles

Front 24

hypoglossal

Back 24

beneath the tongue

Front 25

spinal accessory nerves

Back 25

the 31 pairs of nerves without special names that are connected to the spinal cord

Front 26

sympathetic

Back 26

the part of the autonomic nervous system assisting the body in emergencies, defense, and survival

Front 27

parasympathetic

Back 27

the part of the autonomic nervous system bringing body functions back to normal after a stressful situation has ended

Front 28

abscess (brain)

Back 28

secondary to infection in the body (ex. ear, sinuses)

Front 29

Alzheimers Disease (presenile dementia)

Back 29

characterized by confusion, restlessness, agnosia, speech disturbances, inability to carry out purposeful movements, and hallucinations. The disease usually begins in later midlife with slight defects in memory and behavior and occurs with equal frequency in men and women. (unknown cause)

Front 30

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 30

progressive degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons; usually fatal

Front 31

anencephaly

Back 31

congenital absence of the brain; death occurs in 1-2 days

Front 32

Bell's palsy

Back 32

unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset caused by lesion of the facial nerve; facial distortion

Front 33

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 33

disorder is largely due to repetitive overuse of the fingers, hands, or wrists, which causes inflammation of the median nerve in the tunnel. Symptoms are intermittent or continuous pain, esp. at night. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory drugs, splints, physical therapy, and ceasing the overuse. If these measures fail, surgical measures to relieve the pressure may be necessary

Front 34

cerebral palsy

Back 34

paralysis from developmental defects or trauma; many symptoms; appearing before age 3, caused by non progressive damage to the brain

Front 35

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 35

decrease in blood flow supply to the brain, causing death to the specific portion of the brain tissue affected. Three types include hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral vessel ruptures), thrombotic stroke (blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain gets blocked), and embolic stroke (embolus lodges in a cerebral vessel and causes blockage)

Front 36

concussion

Back 36

violent blow to the head; there may or may not be a loss of consciousness

Front 37

convulsion (seizure)

Back 37

involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles; sudden disturbances in mental functions and body movements, some with loss of consciousness

Front 38

encephalitis

Back 38

inflammation of the brain

Front 39

epilepsy

Back 39

seizure disorder

Front 40

fracture (skull)

Back 40

break in the bones of the skull; cause can be injury, gunshot wounds

Front 41

grand mal seizure

Back 41

(tonic-clonic seizures) loss of consciousness, falling down, and involuntary muscle contractions (preceded by aura, numbness, or dizziness)

Front 42

hematoma

Back 42

blood 'tumor' (clot); must be removed if large enough to cause pressure on brain

Front 43

herpes zoster

Back 43

"shingles"; and acute inflammatory disease of cerebral or spinal nerve due to viral infection; common in the elderly

Front 44

hydrocephalus

Back 44

"water on the brain"'; congenital or acquired condition marked by dialation of the cerebral ventricles accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull

Front 45

Huntington's chorea

Back 45

ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky involuntary movements; hereditary disease marked by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration

Front 46

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 46

an alcoholic psychosis with disorientation, progressing to complete amnesia

Front 47

meningitis

Back 47

inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

Front 48

meningocele (myelomeningocele)

Back 48

hernial protrusion of the meninges through a bone defect in the cranium or vertebral column; may be repaired surgically

Front 49

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 49

brain and cord contain areas of degenerated myelin. Symptoms of lesions include weakness, incoordination, speech disturbances, and visual complaints

Front 50

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

Back 50

progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and muscle weakness; considered to be an autoimmune disease.

Front 51

neuropathy

Back 51

disease of the cranial and peripheral nervous system; motor, sensory, and reflex impairment

Front 52

organic (chronic) brain syndrome

Back 52

any mental disorder caused by impairment of brain tissue function; may be acute and reversible, caused by injury, infection, and nutritional deficiency, or chronic, resulting from relatively permanent organic impairment of brain tissue function

Front 53

Parkinson's Disease

Back 53

a slowly progressive, degenerative, neurological disorder characterized by resting tumor

Front 54

Petit mal seizures

Back 54

(absence seizure) petit mal is a minor seizure lasting only a few seconds. (frequent in children)

Front 55

polimyelitis

Back 55

acute viral disease with fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, and often stiffness of the neck and back; may be minor or major; can be prevented by vaccination

Front 56

sciatica

Back 56

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve; also pain radiating into the buttock and lower limb, most commonly caused by herniation of a lumbar disk

Front 57

shunt

Back 57

to bypass (ex. using a catheter to drain fluid from brain cavities to the spinal cord)

Front 58

spinal cord injuries

Back 58

traumatic disruption of the spinal cord, with extensive muscoskeletal involvement. Spinal fractures and dislocations are common in car accidents and airplane crashes and can cause varying degrees of paraplegia and quadriplegia

Front 59

sebdural hematoma

Back 59

blood is usually a result of a closed head injury, acceleration-deceleration injury, use of anticoagulants, contusions, or chronic alcoholism.

Front 60

Tay-Sach's disease

Back 60

inherited inborn error of metabolism in which there is an enzyme deficiency causing altered lipid metabolism; Deficiency of this enzyme results in accumulation of a specific lipid in the brain, which leads to physical and mental retardation

Front 61

tumors (cord, brain)

Back 61

benign or malignant, primary or metastatic; may be classified by location, tissue type, or degree of malignancy (ex. gliomas, neuromas)

Front 62

whiplash

Back 62

a popular term for an acute cervical sprain; acceleration extension injury of the cervical spine

Front 63

angiogram (anteriogram), cerebral

Back 63

a radiopaque substance in injected into arteries in the neck, then x-ray films are taken

Front 64

Babinski's sign

Back 64

reflex response; when sole of the foot is stroked, the big toe turns up instead of down (normal in newborn, but pathologic later on)

Front 65

bur holes

Back 65

holes made with a drill creating openings in bones to permit access for biopsy, insertion of drains for relieving pressure, or for monitoring devices

Front 66

computerized tomography (CT) brain scan (CAT scan)

Back 66

3-dimensional view of the brain tissue obtained as x-ray beams pass through layers of the brain

Front 67

cordotomy

Back 67

cutting of nerve fibers to relieve intractable pain

Front 68

craniotomy

Back 68

any operation on the cranium

Front 69

echoencephalogram (EEG)

Back 69

use of ultrasound to show displacement of brain structures

Front 70

electoencephalogrom (EKG)

Back 70

record of electrical activity of the brain

Front 71

laboratory procedures

Back 71

examination of cerebrospinal fluid (cell counts, culture, blood)

Front 72

laminectomy

Back 72

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra to view the spinal cord or to relieve pressure

Front 73

lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 73

spinal tap

Front 74

lumbar symphathectomy

Back 74

a surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic nerve pathways, performed for the relief of chronic pain in vascular diseases

Front 75

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain

Back 75

noninvasive technique using magnetic waves to create an image of the brain

Front 76

myelogram (myelography)

Back 76

the film produced by myelography

Front 77

nerve block

Back 77

injection of anesthetic into a nerve to procedure the loss of sensation

Front 78

nerve cells (neurons)

Back 78

conducting cells of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body containing the nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasm, and the acon and dendrites

Front 79

pneumoencephalogram (PEG)

Back 79

the radiograph obtained by visualization of the fluid-containing structures of the brain after cerebrospinal fluid is intermittently withdrawn by lumbar puncture and replaced by air, oxygen, or helium

Front 80

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Back 80

images of various structures show how the brain uses glucose and gives information about brain function

Front 81

rhizotomy

Back 81

cutting the roots of spinal nerves to relieve incurable pain

Front 82

Romberg test

Back 82

a test of the sense of balance

Front 83

trephination

Back 83

drilling a hole in the skull to evacuate clots or inject air for a diagnostic procedure

Front 84

vagotomy

Back 84

surgical transection of the fibers of the vagus nerve

Front 85

ventriculography

Back 85

radiography of the cerebral ventricles after introduction of air or other contrast medium

Front 86

affect

Back 86

the feeling experienced in connection with an emotion

Front 87

aggression

Back 87

hostile attitude; may be due to insecurity or inferiority feeling

Front 88

ambivalence

Back 88

conflicting emotional attitudes toward a goal (hate and love)

Front 89

amnesia

Back 89

loss of memory

Front 90

autism

Back 90

complete withdrawal; inability to communicate

Front 91

catatonia

Back 91

excessive violent motor activity or lack of reaction and movement

Front 92

delusion

Back 92

a false personal belief

Front 93

delirium

Back 93

a mental disturbance of relatively short duration

Front 94

depression

Back 94

in psychiatry,a morbid sadness, dejection, or melancholy (decrease of body functions)

Front 95

echolalia

Back 95

automatic repetition be a patient of what is said to him or her

Front 96

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT, EST)

Back 96

introducing convulsions by means of electricity; used on patients with affective disorders

Front 97

hallucination

Back 97

hearing and seeing things not really present

Front 98

hypochondria

Back 98

imaginary illness

Front 99

hysteria

Back 99

extremely emotional state

Front 100

involutional melancholia

Back 100

mental illness in late middle life, with agitation, worry, anxiety, and insomnia

Front 101

malingering

Back 101

make believe (pretending to be ill)

Front 102

manic-depressive

Back 102

(bipolar disorder) major psychosis; fluctuation of behavior between mania and depression

Front 103

megalomania

Back 103

belief in one's own extreme greatness, goodness, or power

Front 104

neurasthenia

Back 104

stage in the recovery from a schizophrenic experience during which the patient is listless and apparently unable to cope with routine activities and relationships

Front 105

neurosis

Back 105

an emotional disorder caused by unresolved conflicts, anxiety being its chief characteristic

Front 106

paranoid

Back 106

a person who is overly suspicious (in trends or attitudes)

Front 107

phobia

Back 107

any persistent abnormal dread or fear

Front 108

psychosis

Back 108

a major mental disorder; with personality derangement and loss of contact with reality

Front 109

rapid eye movement (REM)

Back 109

occur during periods of dreaming

Front 110

schizophrenia

Back 110

any of a group of severe emotional disorders characterized by withdrawal from reality, delusions, hallucinations, ambivalence, inappropriate affect, and withdrawn, bizarre, and regressive behavior

Front 111

aphasia

Back 111

loss of ability to speak owing to injury or disease of the brain centers

Front 112

ataxia

Back 112

failure of muscular coordination

Front 113

biofeedback

Back 113

process of furnishin a person with information on the state of one or more physiologic variables, such as heart rate, blood pressure, or skin temperature, often enabling the person to fain some voluntary control over the body function

Front 114

cauda equina

Back 114

the collection of spinal roots descending from the lower spinal cord and supplying the rectal area

Front 115

comatose

Back 115

in a deep stupor; cannot be aroused

Front 116

contrecoup

Back 116

denoting an injury to the brain, occurring at a site opposite to the point of impact

Front 117

deep tendon reflex (DTR)

Back 117

a reflex elicited by a sharp tap on the appropriate tendon or muscle to induce brief stretch of the muscle, followed by contraction

Front 118

encephalon

Back 118

the brain

Front 119

fissure

Back 119

many meanings; one refers to a deep furrow in the brain

Front 120

flaccid

Back 120

weak, lax, soft, flabby; poor muscle tone

Front 121

foramen magnum

Back 121

a large opening in the occipital bone through which the cord passes

Front 122

ganglion

Back 122

a knot. a group of nerve cell bodies, located outside the central nervous system

Front 123

gyrus (pl. gyri)

Back 123

convolutions of the cerebrum

Front 124

hemisphere

Back 124

either half of the brain

Front 125

ipsilateral

Back 125

situated on or affecting the same side

Front 126

limbic system

Back 126

the part of the brain associated with attitudes and emotional behavior

Front 127

manometer

Back 127

an instrument for measuring the pressure (ex. of spinal fluid)

Front 128

myelin

Back 128

white, liquid, fatty substance surrounding some nerve fibers (white matter)

Front 129

neurilemma (sheath of Schwann)

Back 129

the membrane surrounding the peripheral nerves

Front 130

paralysis

Back 130

inability to use muscles because of damage to the nervous system

Front 131

paresis

Back 131

slight or incomplete paralysis

Front 132

paresthesia

Back 132

an abnormal sensation, such as burning or prickling

Front 133

plexus

Back 133

a network of nerves or blood vessels

Front 134

reflex

Back 134

an involuntary response to a stimulus

Front 135

spastic

Back 135

uncontrollable and forced contractions

Front 136

stimulus

Back 136

any agent, act, or influence that produces a reaction or response

Front 137

sulcus (pl. sulci)

Back 137

a groove, trench, or furrow on the brain surface

Front 138

syncope

Back 138

a faint; temporary loss of consciousness

Front 139

ventricle (brain)

Back 139

a small cavity in the brain