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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heart
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muscular organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs; the pumping action of the heart circulates blood throughout the body; the heart consists of two upper chambers, the right and left atria, and two lower chambers, the right and left ventricles; valves of the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction; the cardiac septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.
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Tricuspid valve
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located between the right atrium and right ventricle
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Bicuspid (mitral) valve
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located between the left atrium and left ventricle
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Semilunar valve
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located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
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Pericardium
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two-layer sac covering the heart
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Visceral pericardium
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lies closest to the myocardium
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Epicardium
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lines the pericardial sac
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Myocardium
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middle, thick muscular layer
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Endocardium
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inner linning of the heart
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Blood vessels
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tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
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Arteries
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blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart; all arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells; the pulmonary artery, in contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs
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Aorta
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largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen
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Veins
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blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart; all veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
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Venae cavae
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largest veins in the body; the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from the body parts below the diaphragm and the superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
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Capillaries
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microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules; materials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls
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Blood
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composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erthrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)
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Plasma
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liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells that carry oxygen
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells that fight infection
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Platelets
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one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process
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Lymph
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transparent, usually colorless, tissue fluid
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Lymph nodes
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small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; they are found singularly or may be grouped together; the nodes act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood
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Spleen
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located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; in adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body
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Thymus gland
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one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; it plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty; around puberty the thymus gland atrophies into connective tissue and does not function
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Angi/o
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vessel
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Aort/o
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aorta
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Arteri/o
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artery
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Atri/o
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atrium
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Cardi/o
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heart
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Lymph/o
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lymph, lymph gland
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Phleb/o, ven/o
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vein
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Plasm/o
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plasma
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Spleen/o
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spleen
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Thym/o
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thymus gland
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Valv/o, valvul/o
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valve
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Ventricul/o
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ventricle
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Arther/o
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yellowish, fatty plaque
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Ech/o
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sound
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Electr/o
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electricity, electrical activity
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Isch/o
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deficiency, blockage
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Therm/o
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heat
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Thromb/o
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clot
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Brady-
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slow
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Tachy-
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fast, rapid
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-ac
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pertaining to
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-apheresis
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removal
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-crit
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to separate
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-graph
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instrument used to record
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-odynia
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pain
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-penia
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abnormal reduction in number
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-poiesis
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formation
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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Angiocarditis
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inflammation of the blood vessels and heart
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Angioma
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tumor composed of blood vessels
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Angiospasm
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spasm (contraction) of the blood vessels
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Angiostenosis
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narrowing of the blood vessels
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Aortic stenosis
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narrowing pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)
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Arteriorrhexis
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rupture of an artery
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries
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Atherosclerosis
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hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
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Bradycardia
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condition of a slow heart (rate less than 60 beats per minute)
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Cardiodynia
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pain in the heart
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Cardiomegaly
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enlargement of the heart
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Cardiomyopathy
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disease of heart muscle
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Cardiovalvulitis
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inflammation of the valves of the heart
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Endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart (particularly heart valves)
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Ischemia
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deficiency of blood (flow)
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Myocarditis
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inflammation of the muscle of the heart
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Pericarditis
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inflammation of the outer sac of the heart
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Phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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Polyarteritis
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inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
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Tachycardia
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abnormal state of rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats per minute)
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Thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated with a clot
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Hematocytopenia
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abnormal reduction in the number of blood cells
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Hematoma
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tumor of blood (mass of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)
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Lymphadenitis
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inflammation of the lymph glands
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Lymphadenopathy
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disease of the lymph glands; Lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) is a persistent, generalized swelling of the lymph nodes often preceding the development of AIDS
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Lymphoma
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tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
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Pancytopenia
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abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells
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Splenomegaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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Thrombosis
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abnormal condition of a (blood) clot
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Thymoma
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tumor of the thymus gland
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Acute coronary syndrome
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sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or MI [ACS]
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Anemia
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reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs
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Aneurysm
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ballooning of the weakened potion of an arterial wall
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Angina pectoris
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chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
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Cardiac arrest
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sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires CPR
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Cardiac tamponade
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acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
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Coarctation of the aorta
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congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta
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Congenital heart disease
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heart abnormality present at birth
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Congestive heart failure
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inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs [CHF]
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Coronary occlusion
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obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis (can lead to heart attack)
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Deep vein thrombosis
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condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body; most often occurs in the lower extremities [DVT]
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Dysrhythmia
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any distribution or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern (arrhythmia)
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Embolus
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blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
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Fibrillation
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rapid, quivering, non-coordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles
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Hemochromatosis
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an iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause CHF, DM, cirrhosis or cancer of the liver
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Hemophilia
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inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
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Hemorrhoid
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varicose vein in the rectal areas, which may be internal or external
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Hodgkin disease
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malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes
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Hypertensive heart disease
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disorder of the heart bought about by persistent high blood pressure [HHD]
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Intermittent claudication
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pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in occlusive artery disease
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Leukemia
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malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBCs formed in the bone marrow
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Mitral valve stenosis
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a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
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Myocardial infarction
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death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (heart attack) [MI]
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Peripheral artery disease
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disease of the arteries, other than those of the heart and brain, that affects blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis and Raynaud disease; the most common symptom of peripheral atherosclerosis is intermittent claudication [PAD]
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Rheumatic fever
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an inflammatory disease, usually occurring in children and often after an upper respiratory tract streptococcal infection
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Sickle cell anemia
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a hereditary, chronic hemolytic disease characterized by cresent- or sickle-shaped RBCs
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Varicose veins
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distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
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Angioplasty
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surgical repair of a blood vessel
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Angiorrhaphy
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suturing of a blood vessel
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Atherectomy
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excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)
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Endarterectomy
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excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall); this procedure is usually named for the artery to be cleared out, such as carotid endarterectomy, which means removal of plaque from the wall of the carotid artery
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Pericardiocentesis
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surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from (within) the outer sac of the heart (pericardium)
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Phlebectomy
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excision of a vein
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Splenectomy
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excision of the spleen
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Splenopexy
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surgical fixation of the spleen
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Thymectomy
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excision of the thymus gland
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Aneurysmectomy
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surgical excision of an aneurysm
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Bone marrow transplant
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infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells and tissue to recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia
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Cardiac pacemaker
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battery-powered or nuclear-powered apparatus implanted under the skin to regulate the heart rate
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Coronary artery bypass graft
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surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries [CABG]
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Coronary stent
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a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
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Defibrillation
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application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
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Embolectomy
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excision of an embolus or clot
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Femoropopliteal bypass
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surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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Hemorrhoidectomy
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excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins in the rectal region
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Implantable cardiac defib
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a device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm; if life threatening dysrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the dysrhythmia back to normal rhythm
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Laser angioplasty
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the use of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser beam) to open blocked arteries, sepecially in lower extremities
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Mitral commissurotomy
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surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral valve by breaking apart the leaves (commissures) of the valves
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Angiography
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x-ray imaging of a blood vessel (after an injection of contrast medium)
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Angioscope
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instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel
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Angioscopy
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visual examination of a blood vessel
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Aortogram
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x-ray image of the aorta (after an injection of contrast medium)
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Arteriogram
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x-ray image of an artery
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Venogram
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x-ray image of a vein
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Venography
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x-ray imaging of a vein
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Echocardiogram
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record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound; used to detect valvular disease and evaluate the heart during stress testing [ECHO]
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Electrocardiogram
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record of the electrical activity of the heart [ECG, EKG]
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Electrocardiograph
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instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
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Electrocardiography
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process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
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Erythrocyte count
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red cell count (RBCs/mm3)
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Hematocrit
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separated blood (volume percentage of RBCs in whole blood after separation by centrifuge) [HCT]
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Leukocyte count
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white cell count (WBCs/mm3)
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Lymphangiography
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x-ray imaging of the lymphatic vessels
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Doppler ultrasound
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a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
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Exercise stress test
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a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill; electrocardiography, echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning are three types of tests performed to measure cardiac function while exercising; echocardiography is fast becoming the preferred choice of testing over electrocardiography
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Thallium test
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a nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revasularization after coronary artery bypass surgery; thallium, a radioactive isotope, is injected into the body intravenously; a radiation detector is placed over the heart and images are recorded; thallium is taken up by the normal myocardial cells, but not in ischemia or infarction; these areas are identified as “cold” spots on the images produced; thallium testing can be performed when the patient is at rest or it can be part of a stress test
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Cardiac catherization
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an examination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels catheter is passed into the heart through a blood vessel and is used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium, enabling the visualization of the great vessels and the heart chambers; used most frequently to evaluate chest pain and coronary artery disease
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Impedance pletysmography
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measure venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance (impedance) in the veins [IPG]
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Sphygmomanometer
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device for measuring blood pressure
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Stethoscope
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an instrument used to hear sounds produced by the heart, lungs and bowels
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Coagulation time
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blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
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Complete blood count
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basic blood screening that includes tests on hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC morphology (size and shape), WBC, and WBC differential
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Hemoglobin
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blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in RBCs
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Prothrombin time
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blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticoagulant medication
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Bone marrow biopsy
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needle puncture to remove bone marrow for study, usually from the sternum or ilium; used to diagnose blood cell disease; such as leukemia and anemia
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Atrioventricular (AV)
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pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
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Cardiac
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pertaining to the heart
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Cardiogenic
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originating in the heart
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Cardiologist
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physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
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Cardiology
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study of the heart (a branch of medicine that deals with disease of the heart and blood vessels)
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Hematologist
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physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
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Hematology
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study of the blood (branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood)
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Hematopoiesis
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formation of blood
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Hemolysis
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dissolution of red blood cells
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Hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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Hypothermia
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condition of (body) temperature that is below (normal sometimes induced for various surgical procedures, such as bypass sugery)
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Intravenous
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pertaining to within the veins
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Plasmpheresis
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removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
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Tachypnea
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rapid breathing
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Thrombolysis
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dissolution of a clot
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Auscultation
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hearing sounds within the body through a stethoscope
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Blood pressure
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pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls; systolic over diastolic
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Diastole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions
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Extracorporeal
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occurring outside the body; during open-heart surgery extracorporeal circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine
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Extravasation
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escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
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Heart murmur
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a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin
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Hypertension
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BP that is above normal (> 140/90)
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Hypotension
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BP that is below normal (< 90/60)
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Lumen
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space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
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Occlude
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to close tightly, to block
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Percussion
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tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine the density of the part beneath
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Systole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract
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Vasoconstrictor
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agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels
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Vasodilator
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agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels
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Venipuncture
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puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an IV infusion
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Anticoagulant
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agent that slows the clotting process
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Dyscrasia
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abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
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Hemorrhage
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rapid flow of blood
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Plasma
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liquid portion of the blood in which elements or cells are suspended and that contains some of the clotting factor
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Serum
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liquid portion of the blood without the clotting factor
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HHD
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hypertensive heart disase
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IPG
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impedance plethysmography
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PTCA
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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SPECT
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single-photon emission computed tomography
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TEE
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transesophageal echocardiogram
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