Med Term Ch 2 + A & P Set 1

Front 1

Carbohydrate

Back 1

organic molecule that contains C, H, O (1:2:1); acct for less than 3% of human body weight

Front 2

Monosacchride
Disaccharide

Back 2

3-7 Carbons
2-monosaccharides

Front 3

GLUCOSE

Back 3

Hexose, most imp. metabolic fuel; may be straight chained or in ring (most common) formation

Front 4

ISOMERS

Back 4

molecules that have the same molec formula but diff shapes (3D form); body treats isomers as distinct molecules; e.g. fructose (glucose isomer)

Front 5

Dehydration synthesis rxn

Back 5

aka condensation rxn: links molecules by the removal of a H2O molec

Front 6

SUCROSE

Back 6

FRUCTOSE + GLUCOSE

Front 7

HYDROLYSIS

Back 7

breaking with water

Front 8

Polysaccharide

Back 8

mult monosaccharides joined by condensation rxns, can be straight chained or branched; starches (major energy source found in potatoes/grains) are glucose-based polysaccharides

Front 9

CELLULOSE

Back 9

structural component of many plants; polysaccharide that humans cannot digest

Front 10

GYLCOGEN

Back 10

animal starch, branched polysaccharide of interconnected gluc molecs, not H2O soluble; manufac & stored by liver and muscle tissues

Front 11

LIPID

Back 11

fats, oils, waxes; contains C, H, O but not in a 1:2:1 ratio, mostly hydrocarbon may contain P, N or S; mostly insoluble in H2O

Front 12

LIPIDS

Back 12

form essential structural components of all cells; provide ~2X the energy as carbs (g for g); acct for 10-12% of body weight

Front 13

LIPID classes (5)

Back 13

fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycolipids

Front 14

FATTY ACID

Back 14

long C chains w/ H atoms attached; one end of the C chain always has a caboxylic acid group attached; has limited solubility in H2O b/c of fatty chain; H+ is released from carboxylic acid in H2O

Front 15

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Back 15

COOH:

Front 16

CARBON CHAIN DENOTATION

Back 16

R

Front 17

UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

Back 17

if some of the C-C bonds are double covalent bonds; monounsaturated has one double, polyunsaturated has multiple unsat bonds (multiple kinks in the chain)

Front 18

SATURATED FATTY ACID

Back 18

each carbon atom in hydrocarbon tail has four single covalent bonds

Front 19

PROSTAGLANDINS

Back 19

called local hormones; short-chain fatty acids, have 5 of their C atoms joined in a ring; cells release them to coordinate or direct local cell activities; chemical messengers extremely powerful and effective in sm qt; e.g. when released by damaged tissue stimulate nerve endings that produce pain sensation

Front 20

MONOGLYCERIDE

Back 20

glycerol + fatty acid chain through dehydration synthesis; subsequent rxns can produce diglyceride and triglyceride; hydrolysis breaks glycerides down

Front 21

TRIGLYCERIDE
(NEUTRAL FAT)
3 imp. functions

Back 21

1. deposits in specialized site = significant energy source
2. deposits under skin = insulation
3. deposits around organs = shock absorption

Front 22

TRIGLYCERIDE
(storage)

Back 22

as lipid droplets w/in cells; absorb and accumulate vitamins, drugs, or toxins that appear in body fluids

Front 23

STEROIDS

Back 23

large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework e.g. cholesterol, hormones

Front 24

CHOLESTEROL

Back 24

maintains cell membrane, involved in cell growth and division; obtained from diet any synthesized w/in body

Front 25

STEROID HORMONES

Back 25

regulate sexual functions, regulate tissue metabolism and mineral balance; steroid derivative bile salts interact with lipids in enteric & facilitate digestion/absorption

Front 26

Cell

Back 26

the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant).

Front 27

Cell Membrane

Back 27

surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell

Front 28

Nucleus

Back 28

controls the operations in the cell; directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell

Front 29

Chromosomes

Back 29

rod-like structures within the nucleus; human somatic cells contain 23 pairs

Front 30

Ribosomes

Back 30

small granules that help the cell make proteins

Front 31

Genes

Back 31

region of DNA on a chromosome that codes a protein

Front 32

DNA

Back 32

deoxyribonucleic acid; regulates activities according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome

Front 33

Karyotype

Back 33

a photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number; karyotyping can determine whether chromosomes are normal

Front 34

Cytoplasm

Back 34

includes all of the material outside of the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane; it carries on the work of the cell; contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell

Front 35

Mitochondria

Back 35

small sausage-shaped bodies that act like miniature power plants to produce energy by burning fuel (food) in the presence of oxygen

Front 36

Catabolism

Back 36

complex foods are broken down into simpler substances and energy is release; provides the energy for cells to do work; occurs in mitochondria

Front 37

ER

Back 37

network(reticulum) of canals w/in the cells; canals containing ribosomes (RER) are a cellular tunnel system that manufacture proteins for use in the cell

Front 38

Anabolism

Back 38

process of building up complex materials (i.e. hormones/enzymes) from simpler parts; amino acids are fitted together to make larger proteins; anabolism supports the growth of new cells; occurs in ER

Front 39

Metabolism

Back 39

Catabolism + Anabolism; total of the chemical processes occurring in a cell

Front 40

Tissue

Back 40

group of similar working together to do a specific job

Front 41

Epithelial Tissue

Back 41

skin cells that line the inner surface of internal organs and the external surface of the skin covering the body; also lines exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 42

Connective Tissue

Back 42

i.e. adipose, cartilage, bone, blood

Front 43

Nerve Tissue

Back 43

conducts impulses all over the body

Front 44

Viscera (pl)
Viscus (s)

Back 44

Internal organs

Front 45

Digestive Sys

Back 45

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (sm & lg), liver gallbladder, pancreas

Front 46

Urinary/Excretory Sys

Back 46

Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladders to the outside of the body)

Front 47

Respiratory Sys

Back 47

Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs(where the exchange of gases takes place)

Front 48

Reproductive Sys
(male)

Back 48

Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

Front 49

Reproductive Sys
(female)

Back 49

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands

Front 50

Endocrine Sys

Back 50

Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

Front 51

Nervous Sys

Back 51

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves

Front 52

Circulatory Sys

Back 52

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

Front 53

Musculoskeletal Sys

Back 53

Muscles, bone joints

Front 54

Integumentary Sys
Skin
Sense organs

Back 54

Skin, hair nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
eye, ear, nose, tongue

Front 55

Adipose tissue

Back 55

collection of fat cells

Front 56

Cartilage

Back 56

flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints; i.e. surrounds trachea; forms part of external ear and nose

Front 57

hist/o/log/ist

Back 57

specialist in the study of tissues

Front 58

Larynx

Back 58

"voice box"; located at the upper part of the trachea

Front 59

Pharynx

Back 59

Throat; serves as the common passageway for food (from mouth going to esophagus) and air (from nose to trachea)

Front 60

Pituitary Gland

Back 60

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

Front 61

Thyroid Gland

Back 61

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

Front 62

Trachea

Back 62

"Windpipe" (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)

Front 63

Ureter

Back 63

One of two tubes, ea leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.

Front 64

Urethra

Back 64

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Front 65

Uterus

Back 65

Womb; the organ the holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

Front 66

Body Cavity

Back 66

space w/in the body that contains viscera

Front 67

Cranial cavity

Back 67

space in the head containing the brain, pituitary gland; surrounded by the skull; cran/ial-P.T. skull

Front 68

Thoracic cavity
(2 divisions)

Back 68

space in the chest containing lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)
Divisions: Pleural and mediastinum

Front 69

Pleural cavity

Back 69

division of the thoracic cavity; space b/w the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung

Front 70

Mediastinum

Back 70

division of the thoracic cavity; centrally located area outside of and b/w the lungs; contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

Front 71

Pleuritis

Back 71

aka pleurisy; inflammation of the pleura--cavity may b/m filled w/fluid

Front 72

Abdominal cavity

Back 72

Space below the chest containing liver, stomach, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, intestines; aka abdomen

Front 73

Pelvic cavity

Back 73

space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters, and reproductive organs; uterus and vagina (female)

Front 74

Spinal cavity

Back 74

Space w/in the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord (nerves); aka the spinal canal

Front 75

Peritoneum

Back 75

double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

Front 76

Kidneys

Back 76

two bean-shaped organs situated behind (retroperitoneal area) the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone

Front 77

Diaphragm

Back 77

(muscular wall) divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities; moves up and down & aids in breathing

Front 78

Greater omentum

Back 78

is part of the peritoneum in front of the abdomen; contains fat and hangs down loosely like an apron over the intestines to keep them warm

Front 79

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 79

P.T. the back; i.e. cranial/spinal cavities

Front 80

Ventral (anterior)

Back 80

P.T the front; i.e. thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities

Front 81

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 81

abdominal + pelvic cavities b/c not separated by a wall

Front 82

Pleura

Back 82

double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them

Front 83

Peri/oste/um

Back 83

membrane surrounding bones; protects the bones

Front 84

Meninges

Back 84

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Front 85

anterior (ventral)

Back 85

front surface of the body

Front 86

deep

Back 86

away from the surface

Front 87

distal

Back 87

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

Front 88

frontal (coronal) plane

Back 88

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions of the body

Front 89

inferior (caudal)

Back 89

below another structure; P.T. the tail or lower portion of the body

Front 90

lateral

Back 90

P.T. the side

Front 91

medial

Back 91

P.T. the middle or near the medial plane of the body

Front 92

posterior (dorsal)

Back 92

back surface of the body

Front 93

prone

Back 93

lying on the belly (face down, palms down)

Front 94

proximal

Back 94

near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

Front 95

sagittal (lateral) plane

Back 95

lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides; Latin sagittal meaning arrow; midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves

Front 96

superficial

Back 96

on the surface

Front 97

superior (cephalic)

Back 97

above another structure; P.T. the head

Front 98

supine

Back 98

lying on the back (face up, palms up)

Front 99

transverse (cross-sectional or axial) plane

Back 99

horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Front 100

Right hypochondriac region

Back 100

right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

Front 101

left hypochondriac region

Back 101

left upper region below the rib cartilage

Front 102

epigastric region

Back 102

region above the stomach

Front 103

right lumbar region

Back 103

right middle region near the waist

Front 104

left lumbar region

Back 104

left middle region near the waist

Front 105

umbilical region

Back 105

region of the umbilicus or navel

Front 106

right inguinal region

Back 106

right lower region near the groin (inguin/o), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body; region is aka right iliac region b/c it lies proximal to the ilium (upper portion of the hip bone)

Front 107

left inguinal region

Back 107

left lower region near the groin; aka left iliac region

Front 108

hypogastric region

Back 108

middle lower region below the umbilical region

Front 109

Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area

Back 109

RUQ, LUG, RLQ, LLQ

Front 110

RUQ

Back 110

right upper quad; contains liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of pancreas, parts of sm. & lg. intestines

Front 111

LUQ

Back 111

left upper quad; contains left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, parts of sm. & lg. intestines

Front 112

RLQ

Back 112

right lower quad; contains parts of the sm. & lg. intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

Front 113

LLQ

Back 113

left lower quad; contains parts of the sm. & lg. intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

Front 114

Vertebra(e)

Back 114

bone(s) of the spinal column; extend from neck to tailbone

Front 115

Cervical

Back 115

neck region; there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

Front 116

Thoracic

Back 116

chest region; there are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12); each bone is joined to a rib

Front 117

Lumbar

Back 117

loin (waist) or flank region (b/w the ribs and hip bone); there are five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

Front 118

Sacral

Back 118

five bones (S1-S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum

Front 119

Coccygeal

Back 119

the coccyx (tailbone) is a sm bone composed of four fused pieces

Front 120

Disk (disc)

Back 120

a small pad of cartilage b/w each vertebra; shock absorber; if moves out of place (slipped disc) (rupture) puts pressure on nerves and cause pain in an are of the body affected by the nerve

Front 121

spinal column

Back 121

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cord; made up of vertebrae

Front 122

spinal cord

Back 122

nerves surrounded by the column; nerve tissue

Front 123

intervertebral spaces

Back 123

spaces b/w the vertebrae; identified according to the two vertebrae b/w which they occur; w/in this space is a disc (composed of water and cartilage)