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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
target tissue
the body tissue or organ that the hormone has its effect on
hormone
chemical substance synthesized and secreted by a specific organ or tissue
Complex feedback
involves communication via hormones among several glands to turn on or turn off target organ hormone secretion
tropic hormones
several hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary; these are hormones that control the secretion of hormones by other glands
growth hormone
has effects on all body tissues; affects the growth and developlment of skeletal muscles and long bones, affecting a person's size and height
Prolactin
a hormone that stimulates breast development necessary for lactation after childbirth; also referred to as lactogenic hormone
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary; produced in the hypothalamus; the major physiologic role is regulation of fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules; also called vasopressin, is a potent vasocostrictor
Oxytocin
stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts and contraction of uterine smooth muscle; secretion is increased by stimulation of touch receptors in the nipples of lactating women and vaginal pressure receptors
throxine
the most abundant thyroid hormone, accounting for 90% of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
hormone produced by C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
also called parathormone; major role is to regulate the blood level of calcium; acts on bone formation, resulting in the release of calcium and phosphate into the blood
Catecholamines
usually considered neurotransmitters, are hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla, because they are released into the circulation and transported to the their target organs
Corticosteoid
refers to any of the hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex (excluding androgens)
Cortisol
the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, is necessary to maintain life; one major function is the regulation of blood glucose concentration; it increases blood glucose through stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibiting protein synthesis; decreases peripheral glucose use in the fasting state
gluconeogenesis
conversion of amino acids to glucose
Aldosterone
potent mineralcorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume; it acts at the renal tubule to promote reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions; synthesis and secretion are stimulated by angio tensin II, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide and hypokalemia
Islets of Langerhans
hormone-secreting portion of the pancreas; account for less than 2% of the gland and consist of four types of hormone-secreting cells: alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
Glucagon
synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha cells in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise; it increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis
Insulin
the principal regulator of the metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats and proteins; facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes in most tissues
Diabetes mellitus
chronic multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both;
Type 1 Diabetes
formerly known as "juvenile onset", or "insulin-dependent"; most often occurs in people who are under 30 years of age, with a peak and onset between ages 11 and 13; it is the end result of a long-standing process in which the body's own T cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta (B) cells, which are the source of the body's insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
also referred to as diabetic acidosis and diabetic coma, is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration; most likely to occur in people with Type 1 diabetes but may be seen in type 2 in conditions of severe illness ot stress when the pancrease cannot meet the extra demand for insulin
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
the most prevalent type of diabetes, accounting for over 90% of patients; the pancreas usually continues to produce some endogenous (self-made) insulin, however the insulin that is produced is either insufficient for the needs of the body and/or is poorly utliized by the tissues
Insulin Resistance
a condition in which body tissues do not respond to the actions of insulin
hypoglycemic unawareness
a condition in which a person does not experience the warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, increasing his or her risk for dangerously low blood glucose levels
diabetic retinopathy
refers to the process of microvascular damage to the retina as a result of chronic hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes
diabetic nephropathy
is a microvascular complication assoicated with damage to the small blood vessels that supply the glomeruli of the kidney; it is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US
diabetic neuropathy
nerve damage that occurs because of the metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus
acromegaly
characterized by an overgrowth of the bones and soft tissues; relatively rare
Hypopituitarism
rare disorder that involves a decrease in one or more of the pituitary hormones
SIAH
overproduction or oversecrection of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
diabetes insipidus
underproduction or undersecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or a decreased response to ADH
Goiter
hypertrophy and enlargement of the throid gland caused by excess TSH stimulation, which in turn can be caused by inadequate circulating thyroid hormones
thyroiditis
an inflammatory process in the thyroid that can have several causes
hyperthyroidism
hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
thyrotoxicosis
the physiologic effects or clinical syndrome of hypermetabolism that results from excess circulating levels of T4, T3, or both
Graves disease
an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology marked by a diffuse thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid hormone secretion
exophthalmos
a protrusion of the eyeballs from the orbits; sign seen in 20% to 40% of patients' with Graves' disease
hypothyroidism
results from insufficient circulating throid hormone as a result of a variety of abnormalities; iodine deficiency is the most common cause; called cretinism when developed in infancy
myxedema
the accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and other tissues (puffiness, periorbital edema, and masklike affect)
hyperparathyroidism
a condition involving an increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH);
hypoparathyroidism
a condition associated with inadequate circulating PTH, is uncommon; characterized by hypocalcemia resulting from a lack of PTH to maintain serum calcium levels
Cushing syndrome
spectrum of clinical abnormalities caused by an excess of corticosteroids, particularly glucocorticoids;
Addison's disease
adrenocortical insufficiency(hypofunction of the adrenal cortex) may be from a primary cause or a secondary cause (lack of pituitary ACTH secretion); most common cause is autoimmune response
hyperaldosteronism
characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion
pheochromocytoma
a rare condition characterized by a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)