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46 Cards in this Set
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- Back
target tissue
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the body tissue or organ that the hormone has its effect on
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hormone
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chemical substance synthesized and secreted by a specific organ or tissue
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Complex feedback
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involves communication via hormones among several glands to turn on or turn off target organ hormone secretion
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tropic hormones
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several hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary; these are hormones that control the secretion of hormones by other glands
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growth hormone
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has effects on all body tissues; affects the growth and developlment of skeletal muscles and long bones, affecting a person's size and height
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Prolactin
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a hormone that stimulates breast development necessary for lactation after childbirth; also referred to as lactogenic hormone
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antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary; produced in the hypothalamus; the major physiologic role is regulation of fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules; also called vasopressin, is a potent vasocostrictor
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Oxytocin
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stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts and contraction of uterine smooth muscle; secretion is increased by stimulation of touch receptors in the nipples of lactating women and vaginal pressure receptors
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throxine
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the most abundant thyroid hormone, accounting for 90% of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland
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Calcitonin
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hormone produced by C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels
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parathyroid hormone
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also called parathormone; major role is to regulate the blood level of calcium; acts on bone formation, resulting in the release of calcium and phosphate into the blood
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Catecholamines
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usually considered neurotransmitters, are hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla, because they are released into the circulation and transported to the their target organs
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Corticosteoid
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refers to any of the hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex (excluding androgens)
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Cortisol
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the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, is necessary to maintain life; one major function is the regulation of blood glucose concentration; it increases blood glucose through stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibiting protein synthesis; decreases peripheral glucose use in the fasting state
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gluconeogenesis
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conversion of amino acids to glucose
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Aldosterone
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potent mineralcorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume; it acts at the renal tubule to promote reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions; synthesis and secretion are stimulated by angio tensin II, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide and hypokalemia
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Islets of Langerhans
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hormone-secreting portion of the pancreas; account for less than 2% of the gland and consist of four types of hormone-secreting cells: alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
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Glucagon
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synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha cells in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise; it increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis
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Insulin
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the principal regulator of the metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats and proteins; facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes in most tissues
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Diabetes mellitus
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chronic multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both;
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Type 1 Diabetes
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formerly known as "juvenile onset", or "insulin-dependent"; most often occurs in people who are under 30 years of age, with a peak and onset between ages 11 and 13; it is the end result of a long-standing process in which the body's own T cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta (B) cells, which are the source of the body's insulin.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis
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also referred to as diabetic acidosis and diabetic coma, is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration; most likely to occur in people with Type 1 diabetes but may be seen in type 2 in conditions of severe illness ot stress when the pancrease cannot meet the extra demand for insulin
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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the most prevalent type of diabetes, accounting for over 90% of patients; the pancreas usually continues to produce some endogenous (self-made) insulin, however the insulin that is produced is either insufficient for the needs of the body and/or is poorly utliized by the tissues
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Insulin Resistance
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a condition in which body tissues do not respond to the actions of insulin
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hypoglycemic unawareness
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a condition in which a person does not experience the warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, increasing his or her risk for dangerously low blood glucose levels
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diabetic retinopathy
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refers to the process of microvascular damage to the retina as a result of chronic hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes
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diabetic nephropathy
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is a microvascular complication assoicated with damage to the small blood vessels that supply the glomeruli of the kidney; it is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US
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diabetic neuropathy
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nerve damage that occurs because of the metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus
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acromegaly
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characterized by an overgrowth of the bones and soft tissues; relatively rare
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Hypopituitarism
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rare disorder that involves a decrease in one or more of the pituitary hormones
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SIAH
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overproduction or oversecrection of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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diabetes insipidus
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underproduction or undersecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or a decreased response to ADH
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Goiter
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hypertrophy and enlargement of the throid gland caused by excess TSH stimulation, which in turn can be caused by inadequate circulating thyroid hormones
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thyroiditis
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an inflammatory process in the thyroid that can have several causes
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hyperthyroidism
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hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
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thyrotoxicosis
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the physiologic effects or clinical syndrome of hypermetabolism that results from excess circulating levels of T4, T3, or both
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Graves disease
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an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology marked by a diffuse thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid hormone secretion
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exophthalmos
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a protrusion of the eyeballs from the orbits; sign seen in 20% to 40% of patients' with Graves' disease
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hypothyroidism
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results from insufficient circulating throid hormone as a result of a variety of abnormalities; iodine deficiency is the most common cause; called cretinism when developed in infancy
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myxedema
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the accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and other tissues (puffiness, periorbital edema, and masklike affect)
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hyperparathyroidism
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a condition involving an increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH);
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hypoparathyroidism
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a condition associated with inadequate circulating PTH, is uncommon; characterized by hypocalcemia resulting from a lack of PTH to maintain serum calcium levels
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Cushing syndrome
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spectrum of clinical abnormalities caused by an excess of corticosteroids, particularly glucocorticoids;
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Addison's disease
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adrenocortical insufficiency(hypofunction of the adrenal cortex) may be from a primary cause or a secondary cause (lack of pituitary ACTH secretion); most common cause is autoimmune response
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hyperaldosteronism
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characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion
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pheochromocytoma
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a rare condition characterized by a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
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