Med Surg Lewis Chapter 1,2,3,14,16,31

Front 1

acculturation

Back 1

the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of a different population group.

Front 2

advanced practice nurse

Back 2

nurse with a master's degree in nursing, advanced education in pharmacology and physical assessment, and expertise in a specialized area of practice; includes clinical nurse specialist, nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, and nurse anesthetist.

Front 3

anemia

Back 3

a manifestation of a pathologic process characterized by a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit) in the blood.

Front 4

anergy

Back 4

immunodeficient condition characterized by lack of or diminished reaction to an antigen or group of antigens.

Front 5

antigen

Back 5

a substance, usually a protein, that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response.

Front 6

aplastic anemia

Back 6

a disease with a deficiency of all of the formed elements of blood (specifically red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), representing a failure of the cell-generating capacity of bone marrow.

Front 7

assessment

Back 7

collecting subjective and objective information about a patient; forms the base for the plan of care.

Front 8

assimilation

Back 8

the process in which a person or a group of people of a different ethnic background becomes absorbed into a new culture.

Front 9

autoimmunity

Back 9

an inappropriate immune reaction to self-proteins; the immune system no longer differentiates self from nonself with respect to these substances.

Front 10

benign neoplasm

Back 10

a localized tumor that has a fibrous capsule, limited potential for growth, a regular shape, and cells that are well differentiated; does not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant sites.

Front 11

biologic therapy

Back 11

treatment using biologic agents such as interferons, interleukins, monoclonal antibodies, and growth factors to modify the relationship between the host and the tumor by altering the biologic response of the host to the tumor cells.

Front 12

bone marrow transplant

Back 12

the transplantation of bone marrow from healthy donors to stimulate production of normal blood cells; provides for the safe use of very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to patients whose tumors have developed resistance or failed to respond to standard doses of chemotherapy and radiation.

Front 13

brachytherapy

Back 13

radiation delivery system that means "closed" treatment and consists of the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor or in close proximity to the tumor.

Front 14

cancer

Back 14

a group of more than 200 diseases characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells.

Front 15

carcinogens

Back 15

agents capable of producing cellular alterations leading to the development or increasing the incidence of neoplastic growth.

Front 16

carcinoma in situ

Back 16

a lesion with all the histologic features of cancer except invasion.

Front 17

carcinomas

Back 17

malignant tumors that originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membrane linings of the respiratory tract, GI tract, and genitourinary tract).

Front 18

cell-mediated immunity

Back 18

immunity that is initiated through specific antigen recognition by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

Front 19

chemotherapy

Back 19

the treatment of disease with chemical agents.

Front 20

clinical (critical) pathway

Back 20

a description of practices that directs the entire health care team in the daily care goals for select health care problems; may include a nursing care plan, interventions specific for each day of hospitalization, and a documentation tool.

Front 21

collaborative problems

Back 21

potential or actual complications of disease or treatment that nurses treat with other health care providers, most frequently physicians.

Front 22

computerized documentation

Back 22

the use of computers to document patient care.

Front 23

concept map

Back 23

method of recording a nursing care plan using a visual diagram of the patient's problems and interventions.

Front 24

cultural competence

Back 24

the complex integration of knowledge, attitudes, and skills that enables the nurse to provide culturally appropriate health care.

Front 25

cultural imposition

Back 25

the result when one's own cultural beliefs and practices are imposed on another person or group of people.

Front 26

culture

Back 26

a set of learned values, beliefs, customs, and behavior that is shared by a group of interacting individuals.

Front 27

culture-bound syndrome

Back 27

illnesses or afflictions that are recognized within a cultural group.

Front 28

cytokines

Back 28

soluble factors secreted by white blood cells and a variety of other cells in the body that act as messengers among cells of the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems.

Front 29

defecation

Back 29

signs and symptoms, or the clinical cues that, in a cluster, lead to the nursing diagnosis.

Front 30

determinants of health

Back 30

factors that influence the health of individuals and groups.

Front 31

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Back 31

a grave coagulopathy resulting from the overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury, such as septicemia, acute hypotension, poisonous snakebites, neoplasms, obstetric emergencies, severe trauma, extensive surgery, and hemorrhage.

Front 32

ethnicity

Back 32

groups whose members share a common social and cultural heritage.

Front 33

ethnocentrism

Back 33

a belief in the inherent superiority of an ethnicity or group to which one belongs.

Front 34

evaluation

Back 34

the last phase of the nursing process in which the nurse determines if identified outcomes have been met and the overall accuracy of the assessment, diagnosis, and implementation phases is evaluated.

Front 35

evidence-based practice

Back 35

the use of evidence (results from research) to improve quality and outcomes of health care.

Front 36

folk healers

Back 36

traditional healers who use nonconventional methods of medicine; typically share a native language and ancestry with the patient.

Front 37

health care disparities

Back 37

differences in the quality of health care that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of the intervention but rather due to stereotyping, biases, and prejudice.

Front 38

health disparities

Back 38

differences in measures of health status among different groups of people living in a community, state, or nation.

Front 39

Healthy People

Back 39

broad-based program that involves government, private, public, and nonprofit organizations in preventing disease and promoting health.

Front 40

hemachromatosis

Back 40

an autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption and, as a result, increased tissue iron deposition.

Front 41

hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Back 41

transplantation of bone marrow and peripheral stem cells.

Front 42

hemolytic anemia

Back 42

an anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) at a rate that exceeds production.

Front 43

hemophilia

Back 43

hereditary bleeding disorders caused by defective or deficient clotting factors; classic hemophilia A is a sex-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by deficient factor VIII; hemophilia B is a deficiency of factor IX.

Front 44

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 44

a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are located in lymph nodes.

Front 45

human leukocyte antigens

Back 45

system that consists of a series of linked genes that occur together on the sixth chromosome in humans and is used to assess tissue compatibility.

Front 46

humoral immunity

Back 46

antibody-mediated immunity.

Front 47

hypersensitivity reaction

Back 47

an inappropriate and excessive response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen, called an allergen, resulting in tissue damage.

Front 48

immunocompetence

Back 48

the ability of an immune system to mobilize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to inactivate or destroy foreign substances.

Front 49

immunodeficiency

Back 49

inadequate protection of the body by the immune system.

Front 50

immunosuppressive therapy

Back 50

therapy that inhibits immune function and is prescribed for patients to treat autoimmune disorders and to prevent transplant rejection; also a serious side effect of cytotoxic drugs used in cancer chemotherapy.

Front 51

implementation

Back 51

phase of the nursing process involving the activation of the plan with the use of nursing interventions.

Front 52

iron deficiency anemia

Back 52

a microcytic hypochromic anemia caused by inadequate supplies of iron needed to synthesize hemoglobin; characterized by pallor, fatigue, and weakness.

Front 53

leukemia

Back 53

a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors, affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen.

Front 54

lymphomas

Back 54

malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Front 55

malignant neoplasm

Back 55

a tumor that tends to grow, invade, and metastasize; usually has an irregular shape and is composed of poorly differentiated cells; if untreated, it may result in death.

Front 56

megaloblastic anemias

Back 56

a group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large red blood cells.

Front 57

metastasis

Back 57

the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site.

Front 58

monoclonal antibodies

Back 58

homogeneous populations of identical antibody molecules produced by specialized tissue cell culture lines.

Front 59

multiple myeloma

Back 59

a condition in which malignant neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate the bone marrow and destroy bone.

Front 60

myelodysplastic syndrome

Back 60

a group of related hematologic disorders characterized by a change in the quantity and quality of bone marrow elements.

Front 61

nadir

Back 61

the lowest point, such as the blood count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy.

Front 62

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 62

a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms involving lymphoid tissue.

Front 63

nursing diagnosis

Back 63

the act of identifying and labeling human responses to actual or potential health problems; also is the label or concise statement that describes a clinical judgment about an individual, family, or community response to actual or potential health problems/life processes.

Front 64

nursing informatics

Back 64

nursing specialty integrating nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing information to support nursing practice, administration, education, research, and the expansion of knowledge.

Front 65

nursing intervention

Back 65

any act by a nurse that implements the nursing care plan or any specific objective of that plan, such as turning a comatose patient to avoid the development of decubitus ulcers or teaching insulin injection technique to a patient with diabetes before discharge from the hospital.

Front 66

nursing process

Back 66

an assertive, problem-solving approach to the identification and treatment of patient problems; serves as an organizational framework for the practice of nursing.

Front 67

oncogenes

Back 67

potentially cancer-inducing genes.

Front 68

pernicious anemia

Back 68

a progressive megaloblastic macrocytic anemia resulting from inadequate gastric secretion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12).

Front 69

planning

Back 69

third phase of the nursing process consisting of setting goals and expected outcomes with the patient and family, when feasible, and determining strategies for accomplishing the goals.

Front 70

protooncogenes

Back 70

normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes.

Front 71

race

Back 71

vague divisions of humankind, more closely related to people who share a common ancestry and physical characteristics such as skin color, bone structure, or blood group.

Front 72

radiation

Back 72

the emission and distribution of energy through space or a material medium that can be used to cause cellular death.

Front 73

sarcoma

Back 73

a malignant tumor that originates from embryonal mesoderm that becomes connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat.

Front 74

sickle cell disease

Back 74

a group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.

Front 75

staging

Back 75

the process of classifying the extent and spread of disease.

Front 76

standardized nursing languages

Back 76

a readily understood common language used among nurses to clearly define and evaluate nursing care and to improve communication.

Front 77

stereotyping

Back 77

the viewing of members of a specific culture, race, age, or ethnic group as being alike and sharing the same values and beliefs.

Front 78

subculture

Back 78

an ethnic, regional, economic, or social group with characteristic patterns of behavior, background, or ideals that distinguish it from the rest of a culture or society.

Front 79

targeted therapy

Back 79

treatment that interferes with cancer growth by targeting specific cellular receptors and pathways that are important in tumor growth.

Front 80

teletherapy

Back 80

radiation therapy administered by a machine that is positioned at some distance from the patient; the most common form of radiation therapy treatment.

Front 81

thalassemia

Back 81

an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin.

Front 82

transcultural nursing

Back 82

a specialty that focuses on the comparative study and analysis of cultures and subcultures; the goal is the discovery of culturally relevant facts that can guide the nurse in providing culturally appropriate and competent care.

Front 83

tumor angiogenesis

Back 83

the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself.

Front 84

tumor suppressor genes

Back 84

genes that suppress neoplastic growth.

Front 85

unlicensed assistive personnel

Back 85

unlicensed individual who is trained to function in an assistive role to the professional nurse.

Front 86

values

Back 86

the sets of rules by which individuals, families, groups, and communities live.

Front 87

vesicants

Back 87

agents that when accidentally infiltrated into the skin cause severe local tissue breakdown and necrosis.