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88 Cards in this Set

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What is CBC?
CBC means Complete Blood Count
What is BMP or Chem 7?
BMP or Chem 7 is Blood Chemistry Panel
What is "penia"
"penia" means low
Ex: erythrocyto-penia (low red blood cells)
What is "sis"
"sis" means high
Ex: erythrocyto-sis (high red blood cells)
What are the components in a CBC (Complete Blood Count)
CBC components include: RBC counts, Red Cell Indices, WBC count, WBC differential
What is a normal Glucose (Glu) value on a Basic Metabolic Panel?
Normal Glucose (fasting) = 65-110 mg/dL, considering the context of last meal
What is evident of erythrocytopenia?
low B12/Folate, sickle cell, hemorrhage. Decreased amount
A decreased number of RBCs results from either acute or chronic blood loss. Acute blood loss is a rapid depletion of blood volume. Chronic blood loss stems from various conditions that often results in some form of an anemia. Chronic anemias are due to loss of small amounts of blood over a long period of time (bleeding), mechanical destruction of the RBCs, or some physiologic problem such as decreased RBC production.
What is RBC for men?
RBC count for men is 4.6 - 6.2 million/mm3
What is RBC for women?
RBC count for women is 4.2 - 5.4 million/mm3
What is evident with erythrocytosis?
polycythemia vera, chronic hypoxia.
Increased number of RBCs made with fluid loss due to diarrhea, dehydration, burnscan result from a number of conditions that include dehydration, congenital heart disease, pulmonary diseases, and situations involving tissue hypoxia
What are the normal hemoglobin values for men?
Normal hemoglobin values for men are 14-18 gm/dl
What are the normal hemoglobin values for women?
Normal hemoglobin values for women are 12-16 gm/dl
What causes hemoglobin to be low?
Anemia, excess IV fluid, bleeding, bone marrow suppression cause hemoglobin to be low. Also mirrors RBC results.
If you have anemia or polycythemia, to assess the severity of these conditions, and to monitor response to treatment
What causes hemoglobin to be high?
hemoconcentration, polycythemia, chronic hypoxia, high altitude living cause hemoglobin to be high. Also mirrors RBC results.
What is normal hematocrit for men?
Normal hematocrit for men is 40-52%
What is normal hematocrit for women?
Normal hematocrit for women is 38-47%
What causes hematocrit to be low?
Anemia, excess IV fluid, dehydration, polycythemia, bleeding, bone marrow suppression causes hematocrit to be low
Decreased hematocrit indicates anemia, such as that caused by iron deficiency or other deficiencies. Further testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause of the anemia.
Other conditions that can result in a low hematocrit include vitamin or mineral deficiencies, recent bleeding, cirrhosis of the liver, and malignancies.
What causes hematocrit to be high?
Polycythemia, hemoconcentration, chronic hypoxia, high altitude living causes hematocrit to be high
What is a normal WBC count?
Normal WBC count is 5,000 - 10,000/mm3
What is indicative of leukopenia? (low WBC count)
Viral infection, chemotherapy, radiation, overwhelming infection, adverse drug reaction causes leukopenia
What is indicative of leukocytosis? (high WBC count)
Bacterial infection, tissue injury, necrosis, AMI, trauma, stress causes leukocytosis
What is a normal platelet count?
A normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000/mm3
The platelet count is the number of platelets in a given volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions of excess bleeding or clotting.
What is indicative of thrombocytopenia? (low platelet count)
Septicemia, bone marrow disease are indicative of thrombocytopenia
What is indicative of thrombocytosis? (high platelet count)
Hemorrhage, iron deficiency, splenectomy, pregnancy, infection are indicative of thrombocytosis
What does K, Na, CL, CO2, Glu, BUN, Cr mean on a blood chemistry panel?
K = Potassium, Na = Sodium, Cl = Chloride, CO2 = Carbon dioxide, Glu = Glucose, BUN = Blood Urea Nitrogen, Cr = Creatinine on a blood chemistry panel
In the language of electrolytes, what does "hypo" and "hyper" mean?
Hypo means low & Hyper means high in the language of electrolytes
In the language of electrolytes, what does each mean:
Kalemia
Natremia
Calcemia
Kalemia = Potassium
Natremia = Sodium
Calcemia = Calcium
in the language of electrolytes
What is a normal Sodium level in a Basic Metabolic Panel?
In a Basic Metabolic Panel normal Sodium levels: 135-145 mEq/L
What is low Sodium called?
High Sodium = Hyponatremia
What causes hyponatremia?
vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, decreased intake, NG suctioning causes hyponatremia
A low level of blood sodium is usually due to loss of too much sodium, too much water intake or retention, or to excess fluid accumulation in the body (edema). If the sodium level falls quickly, the person may feel weak and fatigued; in severe cases, he may experience confusion or even fall into a coma. When the sodium level falls slowly, however, there may be no symptoms. That is why sodium levels are often checked even if someone has no symptoms.

Hyponatremia is rarely due to decreased sodium intake (deficient dietary intake or deficient sodium in IV fluids). Most commonly, it is due to sodium loss from conditions such as Addison's disease, diarrhea, diuretic administration, or kidney disease. In some cases, it may be due to excessive water consumption as might occur during exercise or excessive fluid accumulation as might occur in heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney diseases that cause protein loss (nephrotic syndrome). In other cases (particularly diseases involving the brain and the lungs, many kinds of cancer, and in response to some drugs), the body makes too much anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), causing a person to keep too much water in their body.

What is high Sodium called?
High Sodium = hypernatremia
What causes hypernatremia?
Dehydration, IV fluids, fever, cushing's disease cause hypernatremia
A high blood sodium level is almost always due to inadequate water intake and dehydration. Symptoms include dry mucous membranes, thirst, agitation, restlessness, acting irrationally, and coma or convulsions if the sodium level rises to extremely high concentrations. In rare cases, hypernatremia may be due to Cushing syndrome or a condition caused by too little ADH called diabetes insipidus.
What are the signs & symptoms of hyponatremia?
Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue, Neruo changes the signs & symptoms of hyponatremia
What the signs & symptoms of hypernatremia?
Thirst, decreased urination, confusion, neruo changes are the signs & symptoms of hypernatremia
What is a normal Potassium Basic Metabolic Panel?
In a Basic Metabolic Panel normal values for Potassium: 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
As part of a routine medical exam, when you have symptoms such as weakness and/or cardiac arrhythmia, or when an electrolyte imbalance is suspected; at regular intervals when you are taking a medication and/or have a disease or condition, such as high blood pressure (hypertension) or kidney disease, that can affect your potassium level
What is low Potassium called?
Low Potassium = hypokalemia
What is high Potassium called?
High Potassium = hyperkalemia
What causes hypokalemia?
Vomiting, failure to supplement IV fluids, loop diuretics, diarrhea, alkotic states, DKA cause hypokalemia
What are the signs & symptoms of hypokalemia?
Confusion, cramping, weakness, distension, nausea, arrhythmias the signs & symptoms of hypokalemia
What are the signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Confusion, irritability, nausea, weakness, slurred speech are the signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia
The most common cause of hyperkalemia is kidney disease, but many drugs, diuretics, can decrease potassium excretion from the body and result in this condition
What is a normal Chloride Basic Metabolic Panel?
Normal values for Chloride in a Basic Metabolic Panel = 98-106 mEq/L & usually parallels changes in Na
Chloride may be ordered when acidosis or alkalosis is suspected or someone has an acute condition with symptoms such as prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and respiratory distress
What are common causes of hypochloride?
Overhydration, excessive antacid intake, gastric suctioning are the common causes of hypochloride
What are the signs & symptoms of hypochloride?
Signs & symptoms of hypochloride: muscle weakness & tetnany
What are the common causes of hyperchloride?
Dehydration is a common cause of hyperchloride
What are the signs & symptoms of hyperchloride?
Signs and symptoms of hyperchloride: muscle weakness & tetnany
What is the normal CO2 on a Basic Metabolic Panel? What does this value represent?
Normal CO2 = 23-30 mEq/L on a Basic Metabolic Panel.
This value represents the bicarbonate in arterial blood
What is low CO2 called?
Low CO2 is called acidosis. Some of the causes of a low bicarbonate level include:
• Addison’s disease
• Chronic diarrhea
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Metabolic acidosis
• Kidney disease
• Ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning
• Salicylate (aspirin) overdose
When bicarbonate levels are higher or lower than normal, it suggests that the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance or that somone has upset their electrolyte balance, perhaps by losing or retaining fluid. Both of these imbalances may be due to a wide range of dysfunctions.
What is high CO2 called?
High CO2 is called alkalosis. Increased levels may be due to:
• Severe vomiting
• Lung diseases, including COPD
• Cushing syndrome
• Conn syndrome
• Metabolic alkalosis
When bicarbonate levels are higher or lower than normal, it suggests that the body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance or that somone has upset their electrolyte balance, perhaps by losing or retaining fluid. Both of these imbalances may be due to a wide range of dysfunctions.
What is the normal BUN on a Basic Metabolic Panel? What does BUN reflect?
Normal BUN = 8-25 mg/dL
BUN reflects the liver's ability to make urea & the kidney's ability to excrete it
When BUN is elevated, what could this mean?
Elevated BUN could mean renal disease, shock, CHF, GI bleed, dehydration
Increased BUN levels suggest impaired kidney function. This may be due to acute or chronic kidney disease, damage, or failure. It may also be due to a condition that results in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure, shock, stress, recent heart attack, or severe burns, to conditions that cause obstruction of urine flow, or to dehydration
What is a normal Creatinine (Cr) on a Basic Metabolic Panel?
Normal Creatinine (Cr) = 0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL
Increased creatinine levels in the blood suggest diseases or conditions that affect kidney function. These can include:
• Damage to or swelling of blood vessels in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) caused by, for example, infection or autoimmune diseases
• Bacterial infection of the kidneys (pyelonephritis)
• Death of cells in the kidneys’ small tubes (acute tubular necrosis) caused, for example, by drugs or toxins
• Prostate disease, kidney stone, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction
• Reduced blood flow to the kidney due to shock, dehydration, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, or complications of diabetes
Why do a Creatinine level check?
A Creatinine value is a more specific test of renal function than BUN.
Elevated in renal disease, specifically damage to nephrons
Better long-term marker of kidney damage than BUN
The creatinine blood test is used along with a BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test to assess kidney function
What is a normal BUN Creatinine Ratio? What does this value mean?
Normal BUN Creatinine ratio = 15:1
A BUN Creatinine value indicates renal dysfunction. Increased ratio may be due to a conditon that causes a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys, such as CHF or dehydration.
BUN and creatinine are the primary tests used to check how well the kidneys are able to filter waste products from your blood.
What does a slightly elevated BUN mean?
A BUN slightly elevated = reduced renal reserve or renal insufficiency
What does an elevated BUN & Cr mean?
When both BUN & Cr are elevated = renal failure (may also have hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, anemia)
What happens with a Cr value of greater than (>) 10 mg/dL?
A Cr serum value of >10 mg/dL = End Stage Renal Disease
PRACTICE:
What does NA 140 mg/dL mean? Is this hypo/hypernatremia? What causes it? What are signs & symptoms?
An NA value of 140 mg/dL is
High = hypernatremia
Causes: dehydration, IV fluids, fever, cushing's disease
S & S: thirst, decreased urination, confusion, neuro changes
PRACTICE:
What does K 2.8 mg/dL mean? Is this hypo/hyperkalemia? What causes it? What are signs & symptoms?
A K value of 2.8 mg/dL is Low: hypokalemia
Causes: vomiting, failure to supplement IV fluids, loop diuretics, diarrhea, alkalotic states, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA),
S & S: confusion, cramping, weakness, distension, nausea, arrhythmias
PRACTICE:
What does WBC 22.6/mm3 mean? Does this mean leukocytosis or leukopenia? What causes this?
A WBC value of 22.6/mm3 is High = leukocytosis
Causes: bacterial infection, tissue injury, necrosis, AMI, trauma, stress
PRACTICE:
What does HGB 17.8 gm/dL mean?
An HGB value of 17.8 gm/dL is a normal value for men and elevated for women.
High causes: Polycythemia, hemoconcentration, chronic hypoxia, high altitude living
PRACTICE:
What does HCT 55.4% mean?
An HCT value of 55.4% is elevated for men and women.
Causes: Polycythemia, hemoconcentration, chronic hypoxia, high altitude living
What are components of a Urine Analysis (UA)?
Components of a UA include:
specific gravity: 1.003-1.030
pH: 4.5-8.5
appearance: clear
color: varieties of yellow
negative for cells or glucose
Why would Ca be ordered?
As part of a routine metabolic panel, when you have kidney, bone, or nerve disease, or when symptoms of significantly increased or decreased calcium concentrations are present
A blood calcium test is ordered to screen for, diagnose, and monitor a range of conditions relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys, and teeth. Blood calcium levels do not directly tell how much calcium is in the bones, but rather, how much calcium is circulating in the blood.
What is an anion gap and why is is useful?
The anion gap is useful in identifying the presence of unknown substances such as toxins in the blood.
It is increased when the number of unmeasured anions increases, indicating a state of anion-gap metabolic acidosis, but it does not tell the doctor what is causing the imbalance. The metabolic acidosis must be treated to restore the acid/base balance, but the underlying condition must also be identified and treated. Causes can include uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, kidney damage, and ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as antifreeze, excessive amounts of aspirin, or methanol.
Acetone
Blood ketones are primarily used to screen for, detect, and monitor diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with type 1 and sometimes type 2 diabetes. DKA can occur when a diabetic’s blood sugar is significantly increased, with illness, severe infection, pregnancy, and a variety of other conditions.
DKA is associated with acute hyperglycemia, a severe insulin deficiency, and a disruption of the body’s acid-base balance. Excess ketones and glucose are dumped into the urine by the kidneys in an effort to flush them from the body. This causes increased urination, thirst, dehydration, and a loss of electrolytes. The affected person may also experience symptoms such as rapid breathing, shortness of breath, a fruit-scent to the breath, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusion, and eventually coma.
What is a GFR?
When your doctor thinks that you may have kidney damage or that you may be at risk for developing it
5 stages of kidney damage, with 5 being severe, and 1 being normal or minimal damage.
What is an Alk Phos (ALP)?
used to screen or monitor for treament for a liver or bone disorder
Signs and symptoms of liver involvement may include:
• Weakness, fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea, vomiting
• Abdominal swelling and/or pain
• Jaundice
• Dark urine, light colored stool
• Itching (pruritus)
What is a CK?
To determine if you have had a heart attack or if other muscles in your body have been damaged
Blood levels of CK rise when muscle or heart cells are injured. Your doctor may test for CK if you have chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a heart attack.
What is an AST?
To detect liver damage and/or to help diagnose liver disease
Part of liver panel.
What is ALT?
To screen for liver damage and/or to help diagnose liver disease
Part of liver panel
What is amylase?
To diagnose and monitor pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases.

The blood amylase test is ordered, often along with a lipase test, to help diagnose and monitor acute or chronic pancreatitis and other disorders that may involve the pancreas
Bilirubin
To screen for or monitor liver disorders
When bilirubin levels are high, a condition called jaundice occurs, and further testing is needed to determine the cause. Too much bilirubin may mean that too much is being produced (usually due to increased hemolysis) or that the liver is incapable of adequately removing bilirubin in a timely manner due to blockage of bile ducts, liver diseases such as cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, or inherited problems with bilirubin processing.
Protein
Total protein measurements can reflect nutritional status and may be used to screen for and help diagnose kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions. Sometimes conditions are first detected with routine testing before symptoms have begun to appear. If total protein is abnormal, further tests must be performed to identify which specific protein is abnormally low or high so that a specific diagnosis can be made.
Albumin
To screen for a liver disorder or kidney disease or to evaluate nutritional status, especially in hospitalized patients
Low albumin levels can suggest liver disease.

High albumin levels can be seen with dehydration
B12 and Folate
To help diagnose the cause of anemia or neuropathy; to evaluate nutritional status in some patients; to monitor effectiveness of treatment for B12 or folate deficiency.
When you have large red blood cells; when you have symptoms of anemia and/or of neuropathy; when you are being treated for B12 or folate deficiency
Increased B12 may be seen in conditions such as leukemia or liver dysfunction. Increased folate may be seen with pernicious anemia and with vegetarian diets.
A1c
To monitor a person's diabetes and to aid in treatment decisions; to screen for and/or diagnose diabetes and prediabetes
signs or symptoms of increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) such as:
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing infections
Glu
To determine if your blood glucose level is within a healthy range; to screen for, diagnose, and monitor high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), diabetes, and pre-diabetes
The blood glucose test may be used to:
• Screen for both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
• Help diagnose diabetes
• Monitor glucose levels in persons with diabetes
MCV
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs.
The MCV is elevated when your RBCs are larger than normal (macrocytic), for example in anemia caused by vitamin B12/Folate deficiency.

When the MCV is decreased, your RBCs are smaller than normal (microcytic) as is seen in iron deficiency anemia or thalassemias
MCH
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.
Mirrors MCV results.
Macrocytic RBCs are large so tend to have a higher MCH, while microcytic red cells would have a lower value.
MCHC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of the average concentration of hemoglobin that will fit inside a red cell.
Decreased MCHC values (hypochromia) are seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally diluted inside the red cells, such as in iron deficiency anemia and in thalassemia.

Increased MCHC values (hyperchromia) are seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally concentrated inside the red cells, such as in burn patients and hereditary spherocytosis, a relatively rare congenital disorder.
MPV
Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of your platelets. New platelets are larger, and an increased MPV occurs when increased numbers of platelets are being produced. MPV gives your doctor information about platelet production in your bone marrow.
Vary with platelet production; younger platelets are larger than older ones
Granulocytes
Normally the most abundant type of white blood cell in healthy adults Indicates infection or inflammation.

Low levels indicate surgical stress/inflammatory response
Monocytes
Leukocyte (white blood cell) that functions in the ingestion of bacteria and other foreign particles
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes occur in two forms: B cells, which produce antibodies, and T cells, which recognize foreign substances and process them for removal.
Eosinophils
believed to function in allergic responses and in resisting some infections
Basophils
Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases.
UA
To screen for metabolic and kidney disorders and for urinary tract infections.

The urinalysis is used as a screening and/or diagnostic tool because it can help detect substances or cellular material in the urine associated with different metabolic and kidney disorders. It is ordered widely and routinely to detect any abnormalities that require follow up. Often, substances such as protein or glucose will begin to appear in the urine before patients are aware that they may have a problem.
Generally, the greater the concentration of the atypical substance, such as greatly increased amounts of glucose, protein, or red blood cells, the more likely it is that there is a problem that needs to be addressed
Cholesterol
Total count: <200
Triglycerides: <150
HDL: >45 men; >50 women
LDL: <100 (<70 better)