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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define immunity?
the body's specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism
What is autoimmunity?
normal protective response turns against or attacks the body
What is hypersensitivity?
Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens
What is gammopathies?
when immunoglobulins are overproduced
What is a primary immune deficiency?
congenital/inherited deficiency resulting from improper development of immune cells
What is secondary immune deficiencies?
acquired, deficiency from some interference with an already developed immune system
What are the major components of the immune system?
bone marrow, WBC, lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids), GI tissues, resp, and reproductive system
Where are WBC (leukocytes) produced?
bone marrow
What are the two types of WBC, where do they come from and where do they go?
B-lymphocytes- mature in bone marrow and enter circulation
T-lymphocytes- mature in thymus into different kinds of cells
Both are generated from stem cells
What do the lymphoid tissues do?
spleen filters and destroyes RBC
lymph nodes remove foreign and are the center for immune cell proliferation
What is natural immunity?
rapid non-specific immunity present at birth
(macrophages, natural killer, dendritic cells)
What happens in the inflammatory response?
chemical mediators assist by minimizing blood loss, walling off invading org, activating phagocytes and regeneration of injured tissue
What is an interferon?
Protein formed when exposed to foreign agents,
biological reponse modifier, which is a nonspecific viricidal protein that is capable of activating other components of the immune system
What mediates the inflammatory response?
T-cells and cytokines
What is acquired immunity?
Define active and passive
immunization from prior exposure
active- developed from one's own body
passive- transmitted from outside source
Describe natural immunity
broad spectrum, nonspecific, immediate response within 4 hours, delayed witin 4-96 hours, involves macrophases, dendritic cells and natural killer cells
What are WBC action in natural immunity
granular leukocytes (WBC-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) release histamines, bradykinin, prostaglandins which engulf foreign bodies or toxins (phagocytize)
What is the inflammatory response in natural immunity
chemical mediators minimize blood loss, wall off organism, activate phagocytes, promote scar tissue formation and regenerate injuried tissue
What are the barriers involved in natural immunity
skin, mucous membranes, cilia, acidic gastric secretions, enzymes in tears, interferon
What is an interferon?
proteins formed when cells are exposed to foreign agents,
nonspecific viricidal protein that is naturally produced by the body to activate other components of the immune system, suppresses the movement of macrophages
Describe acquired immunity
prior exposure to an antigen that generates a protective response
active-dev by own body
passive-mother to infant, immunization
What are the bodies 3 means of defense when being attacked
phagocytic immune response
humoral or antibody immune response
cellular immune response
Describe phagocytic immune response
WBC ingest foreign particles and the body's own dying cells (apoptosis- programed cell death)
*bodys first line of defense
Describe humoral immune response
production of B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
produce antibodies or immunoglobins
bacterial, anaphylaxis, allergic, immune, some viral
Describe cellular immune response
T-lymphocytes turn into cytotoxic killer T-cells that can attack pathogens.
transplant rej, hypersensitivity, tumor, intracellular infections, viral, fungal, parasitic
What are the four stages of the (phagocytic) immune response
recognition, proliferation, response, effector stage
What happens during the recognition stage
lymph nodes and lymphocytes recognize invaders, macrophages and neutrophils coat the microorganisms with antibodies, lymphocytes remove or obtain imprint of antigen
What happens during the proliferation stage
lymphocyte with antigenic messager returns to lymph node, where T-lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells, and B-lymphocytes produce and release antibodies
What happens during the response stage
humoral or/& cellular response occurs:
humoral- antibodies are (B-cells) released into the bloodstream and are in the plasma
cellular-lymphocytes become cytotoxic T-cells that attack cells directly
What type of response does a viral infection cause
cellular reponse, increasing T-lymphocytes
What happens during the effector stage?
either antibody of humoral response or cytotoxic T-cell connects with antigen which then destroyes or neutralizes the toxin
Describe antigen recognition
T-lymphocytes and macrophages recognize antigen and pick up "blue print" and drop it off at the lymph noid. B-lyphocytes clone into specific antibodies
What is the role of IgG
enhances phagocytosis, crosses the placenta, major role in bloodborne and tissue infections, activates complement system
What is the role of IgA
protects against resp, GI and GU infection
What is the role of IgM
first immunoglobin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
What is the role of IgD
unknown
What is the role of IgE
allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, parasitic infections
What are the roles of antibodies?
Agglutination- clumping effect that helps clear body of invading org by phagocytosis
Opsonization- coat with sticky subs to facilitate phagocytosis
Release of vasoactive subs- that activate complement system and phagocystosis
Act in concert with other components of the immune system
Production of 5 immunoglobins (IgA,D,E,G,M)
What determins antigen-antibody binding
antigenic determinant- must fit like a lock and key
Describe the different T-lymphocytes
Helper T-cells-secrete cytokines, which activates and stimulates other immune cells
Cytotoxic T-cells-directly attack cell membrane and cause lysis
Suppressor T-cells- decrease B-cell production to maintain homeostatis
Memory Cells
What do null lympocytes and natural killer cells do?
Null cells- destroy antigens already coated with antibody
Natural killer cells- directly kill invading org (and some malignant cells)and produce cytokines
What is the complement immune system
biochemical casade that helps clear pathogens, it is not adaptable but innate
physiological fx: defending against bacterial infection, bridging natural and acquired immunity, disposing of byproduces associated with inflammation
What four things does the complement immune system do
Cytolysis- destruction of cell memebrane
Opsonization- targeting of antigen so it can be engulfed and digested by macrophages
Chemotaxis- attraction of neutrophils and phagocytics cells to antigen
Anaphylaxis- activates mast cells and basohphils with release of inflmm mediators that produce muscular contraction and incr vascular permeability
What are variables that alter immune system
age, gender, nutrition, chronic illness, autoimmune disease, acute illness, cancer, surgery, trauma, allergies, hx of infection/immunization, genetics, lifestyle, meds and transfusions, pychoneuroimmunological factures
Test for immune function
WBC count and differential, bone marrow biopsy, humoral and cellular immunity tests, phagocytic cell fx test, complement component test, hypersensitivity test, specific antigen-antibody test, HIV
What is a complement?
enzymatic proteins that destroy bacteria
What lymphocytes directly attack antigens?
helper T cells
they alter the antigens cell membrane
Effector T cell destroys foreign organisms by:
altering the antigen's cell membrane, causing cellular lysis, producing lymphokines which destroy invading organisms