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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define immunity?
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the body's specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism
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What is autoimmunity?
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normal protective response turns against or attacks the body
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What is hypersensitivity?
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Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens
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What is gammopathies?
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when immunoglobulins are overproduced
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What is a primary immune deficiency?
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congenital/inherited deficiency resulting from improper development of immune cells
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What is secondary immune deficiencies?
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acquired, deficiency from some interference with an already developed immune system
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What are the major components of the immune system?
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bone marrow, WBC, lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids), GI tissues, resp, and reproductive system
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Where are WBC (leukocytes) produced?
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bone marrow
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What are the two types of WBC, where do they come from and where do they go?
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B-lymphocytes- mature in bone marrow and enter circulation
T-lymphocytes- mature in thymus into different kinds of cells Both are generated from stem cells |
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What do the lymphoid tissues do?
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spleen filters and destroyes RBC
lymph nodes remove foreign and are the center for immune cell proliferation |
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What is natural immunity?
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rapid non-specific immunity present at birth
(macrophages, natural killer, dendritic cells) |
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What happens in the inflammatory response?
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chemical mediators assist by minimizing blood loss, walling off invading org, activating phagocytes and regeneration of injured tissue
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What is an interferon?
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Protein formed when exposed to foreign agents,
biological reponse modifier, which is a nonspecific viricidal protein that is capable of activating other components of the immune system |
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What mediates the inflammatory response?
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T-cells and cytokines
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What is acquired immunity?
Define active and passive |
immunization from prior exposure
active- developed from one's own body passive- transmitted from outside source |
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Describe natural immunity
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broad spectrum, nonspecific, immediate response within 4 hours, delayed witin 4-96 hours, involves macrophases, dendritic cells and natural killer cells
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What are WBC action in natural immunity
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granular leukocytes (WBC-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) release histamines, bradykinin, prostaglandins which engulf foreign bodies or toxins (phagocytize)
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What is the inflammatory response in natural immunity
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chemical mediators minimize blood loss, wall off organism, activate phagocytes, promote scar tissue formation and regenerate injuried tissue
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What are the barriers involved in natural immunity
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skin, mucous membranes, cilia, acidic gastric secretions, enzymes in tears, interferon
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What is an interferon?
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proteins formed when cells are exposed to foreign agents,
nonspecific viricidal protein that is naturally produced by the body to activate other components of the immune system, suppresses the movement of macrophages |
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Describe acquired immunity
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prior exposure to an antigen that generates a protective response
active-dev by own body passive-mother to infant, immunization |
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What are the bodies 3 means of defense when being attacked
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phagocytic immune response
humoral or antibody immune response cellular immune response |
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Describe phagocytic immune response
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WBC ingest foreign particles and the body's own dying cells (apoptosis- programed cell death)
*bodys first line of defense |
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Describe humoral immune response
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production of B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
produce antibodies or immunoglobins bacterial, anaphylaxis, allergic, immune, some viral |
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Describe cellular immune response
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T-lymphocytes turn into cytotoxic killer T-cells that can attack pathogens.
transplant rej, hypersensitivity, tumor, intracellular infections, viral, fungal, parasitic |
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What are the four stages of the (phagocytic) immune response
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recognition, proliferation, response, effector stage
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What happens during the recognition stage
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lymph nodes and lymphocytes recognize invaders, macrophages and neutrophils coat the microorganisms with antibodies, lymphocytes remove or obtain imprint of antigen
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What happens during the proliferation stage
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lymphocyte with antigenic messager returns to lymph node, where T-lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells, and B-lymphocytes produce and release antibodies
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What happens during the response stage
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humoral or/& cellular response occurs:
humoral- antibodies are (B-cells) released into the bloodstream and are in the plasma cellular-lymphocytes become cytotoxic T-cells that attack cells directly |
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What type of response does a viral infection cause
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cellular reponse, increasing T-lymphocytes
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What happens during the effector stage?
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either antibody of humoral response or cytotoxic T-cell connects with antigen which then destroyes or neutralizes the toxin
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Describe antigen recognition
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T-lymphocytes and macrophages recognize antigen and pick up "blue print" and drop it off at the lymph noid. B-lyphocytes clone into specific antibodies
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What is the role of IgG
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enhances phagocytosis, crosses the placenta, major role in bloodborne and tissue infections, activates complement system
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What is the role of IgA
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protects against resp, GI and GU infection
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What is the role of IgM
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first immunoglobin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
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What is the role of IgD
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unknown
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What is the role of IgE
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allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, parasitic infections
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What are the roles of antibodies?
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Agglutination- clumping effect that helps clear body of invading org by phagocytosis
Opsonization- coat with sticky subs to facilitate phagocytosis Release of vasoactive subs- that activate complement system and phagocystosis Act in concert with other components of the immune system Production of 5 immunoglobins (IgA,D,E,G,M) |
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What determins antigen-antibody binding
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antigenic determinant- must fit like a lock and key
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Describe the different T-lymphocytes
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Helper T-cells-secrete cytokines, which activates and stimulates other immune cells
Cytotoxic T-cells-directly attack cell membrane and cause lysis Suppressor T-cells- decrease B-cell production to maintain homeostatis Memory Cells |
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What do null lympocytes and natural killer cells do?
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Null cells- destroy antigens already coated with antibody
Natural killer cells- directly kill invading org (and some malignant cells)and produce cytokines |
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What is the complement immune system
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biochemical casade that helps clear pathogens, it is not adaptable but innate
physiological fx: defending against bacterial infection, bridging natural and acquired immunity, disposing of byproduces associated with inflammation |
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What four things does the complement immune system do
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Cytolysis- destruction of cell memebrane
Opsonization- targeting of antigen so it can be engulfed and digested by macrophages Chemotaxis- attraction of neutrophils and phagocytics cells to antigen Anaphylaxis- activates mast cells and basohphils with release of inflmm mediators that produce muscular contraction and incr vascular permeability |
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What are variables that alter immune system
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age, gender, nutrition, chronic illness, autoimmune disease, acute illness, cancer, surgery, trauma, allergies, hx of infection/immunization, genetics, lifestyle, meds and transfusions, pychoneuroimmunological factures
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Test for immune function
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WBC count and differential, bone marrow biopsy, humoral and cellular immunity tests, phagocytic cell fx test, complement component test, hypersensitivity test, specific antigen-antibody test, HIV
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What is a complement?
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enzymatic proteins that destroy bacteria
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What lymphocytes directly attack antigens?
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helper T cells
they alter the antigens cell membrane |
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Effector T cell destroys foreign organisms by:
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altering the antigen's cell membrane, causing cellular lysis, producing lymphokines which destroy invading organisms
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