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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many men will eventually have cancer?
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1 out of 2
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How many women will eventually have cancer?
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1 out of 3
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Is cancer one type of disease?
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No, Cancer is not one disease, but a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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What cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women?
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Lung Cancer
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What is Carcinogenesis?
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The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
Various factors are possible origins of cancer |
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What are Carcinogens?
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Substances known to increase the risk for the development of cancer
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Cancer risk assessment and cancer genetic counseling
involves... |
First step toward identifying hereditary cancer predisposition
Provides education, health promotion, informed consent, and support |
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Cell mechanisms and growth:
Normal cells |
When cells are destroyed, cells of the same type reproduce until the correct number have been replenished
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Cell mechanisms and growth:
Cancer cells |
Instead of limiting their growth to meet specific needs, they continue to reproduce in a disorderly and unrestricted manner
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Cell mechanisms and growth:
Neoplasm |
Uncontrolled or abnormal growth of cells
Benign: not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant Malignant: growing worse and resisting treatment; cancerous growths; tumors |
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Cell mechanisms and growth:
Metastasis |
Tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body
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What characteristics of these malignant cells result in problems for the body?
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body?Cancerous cells compete with the body’s normal cells for space and nutrition. As the cancerous cells continue to accumulate, they can impede the body’s passages and interfere with normal organ functions.
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Description of Tumors:
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Carcinoma: malignant tumors composed of epithelial cells; tend to metastasize
Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective tissues, such as bone or muscle |
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Explain Grading of tumors:
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Tumors are classified as grade 1 to grade 4
Grade 1—least malignant Grade 4—most malignant |
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What is staging of tumors?
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Tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) staging system for cancer is used to indicate tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and extent of metastasis
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Explain Staging 0-IV
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Stage 0: Cancer in situ
Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue origin Stage II: Limited local spread Stage III: Extensive local and regional spread Stage IV: Metastasis |
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In regards to the diagnosis of cancer, explain biopsies
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-performed to obtain a sample of tissue from the body.
Incisional, excisional, needle aspiration |
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In regards to the diagnosis of cancer, explain an endoscopy..
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* cells or tissues can also be obtained using an endoscope to directly viualize an internal structure thru a body cavity or through a small incision. Indoscopy allows direct viualization of th eupper GI tract (esphogus, stomach, duodenum)
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In regards to the diagnosis of cancer, Diagnostic imaging
involves... |
Bone scanning
Tomography Computed tomography (CT) Radioisotope studies Ultrasound testing Magnetic resonance imaging |
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In regards to the diagnosis of cancer, Laboratory tests
involve.... |
Serum alkaline phosphatase
Serum calcitonin Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) PSA and CA-125 Stool examination for blood |
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What impact does the presence of cancer have on the readings of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, PSA, and CA-125?
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serum alkaline phosphatase- elevated if there is metastasis to the bone or liver serum calcitonin- increased in blood of people who have cancer of the thyroid and breast and oat cell cancer of the lung carcinoembryonic antigen- cea stops before birth but may begin again if a neoplasm develops PSA- usually elvated indicating possible prostate cancer CA-125- elevated indicating possible gynecological cancers and pancreatic cancer |
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In regards to cancer therapies, explain what kinds of surgeries are available...
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Preventive
Diagnostic Curative Palliative |
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What two kinds of radiation therapies are available?
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External radiation therapy
Internal radiation therapy |
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Radiation is used to reduce the size of a tumor. How does internal and external radiation differ?
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*external radiation may be directed towards superficial lesions or may be targeted to deeper structures
internal is administered intravenously or orally so that its distributed throughout the pts. body |
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What is chemotherapy?
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The use of drug therapy to reduce or slow cancerous cell growth
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How do chemotherapeutic agents work?
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* interfering with the cells ability to multiply and reproduce
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What are side effects of chemotherapy?
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Leukopenia
Anemia Thrombocytopenia Alopecia Stomatitis Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Tumor lysis syndrome |
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What body systems are most affected by chemotherapy? Why?
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* cells that multipy rapidly are affected the most, such cells belong to the hematopietic system, the hair follicles, and the GI system
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Three major mechanisms of biological response modifiers (BRMs)
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Three major mechanisms of biological response modifiers (BRMs)
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Bone marrow transplantation
is... |
Process of replacing diseased or damaged bone marrow with normally functioning bone marrow
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What are sources of bone marrow for a transplant?
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posterior iliac crest anterior iliac crest and sternum |
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Where are stem cells obtained?
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*
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Peripheral stem cell transplantation is,,,
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Alternative to bone marrow transplant
This procedure is based on the fact that peripheral or circulating stem cells are capable of repopulating the bone marrow |
