Med-Surg 2 Exam 3

Front 1

complete fracture

Back 1

the break is across the entire width of the bone in such a way that the bone is divided into two distinct sections

Front 2

incomplete fractures

Back 2

the fracture does not divide the bone into two portions because the break is through only part of the bone.

Front 3

open (compound)

Back 3

the skin surface over the broken bone is disrupted which causes an external wound. often graded to define the extent of tissue damage

Front 4

Closed (simple)

Back 4

fracture that does not extend through the skin and therefore has no visible wound

Front 5

fatigue (stress) fracture

Back 5

excessive strain and stress on the bone common in professional and recreational athletes.

Front 6

compression fractures

Back 6

produced by a loading force applied to the long axis of cancellous bone. commonly occur in the vertebrae of older pt. with osteoporosis and are extremely painful.

Front 7

Stage one of bone healing

Back 7

occurs within 24-72 hours after injury a hematoma forms at the site of fracture because bone is extremely vascular.

Front 8

Stage 2 of bone healing.

Back 8

occurs in 3days-2wks when granulation tissue begins to invade the hematoma. This then prompts the foundation for bone healing

Front 9

Stage 3 of bone healing.

Back 9

occurs as a result of vascular and cellular proliferation. The fracture site is surrounded by new vascular tissue (callus). callus formation is the beginning of a nonbony union.

Front 10

Stage 4 of bone healing

Back 10

the callus is gradually reabsorbed and transformed into bone.

Front 11

Stage 5 of bone healing.

Back 11

consolidation and remodeling of bone continue to meet mechanical demands. this process may start as early as 4-6wks after fracture and can of continue for up to 1 year, depending on the severity of the injury and the age and health of the patient.

Front 12

albumin

Back 12

maintains proper osmotic pressure in the vascular space.

most prevalent protein in blood plasma

prevent leakage from the vascular space

protein made in the liver

affects platelet funciton

Front 13

Globulins

Back 13

serum protein

produced by the liver and immune system

important to the immune system because their main function is the TRANSPORT OF ANTIBODIES

Front 14

Fibrinogin

Back 14

inactive protein that forms fibrin

produced by the liver

and primarily responsible for blood clotting.

Front 15

PT

Back 15

11-12.5 sec

measures how long it takes blood to clot

increase of this number is a deficiency of clotting factor and a decrease occurs from vit. K excess.

Front 16

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

Back 16

intrinsic clotting cascade

1.5-2.0

Front 17

INR

international normalized ratio

Back 17

patient PT/est standard PT

normal 0.7-1.8

pt. on warfarin 2.0-3.0

Front 18

iron deficiency anemia

Back 18

this requires the administration of iron Dextrane in the dorsalis gluteal

right upper corner, z-track and aspirate, med is black

Front 19

Sickle cell anemia

Back 19

Hydroxyurea (Droxia)

reduces the number and pain of episodes, dont' give IM because of decreased profusion.

Front 20

aplastic anemia

Back 20

failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells that produce RBC; commonly assoc. with have low WBC and low platelets

Front 21

decreased albumin levels

Back 21

liver/renal disease, low protein diets, weight loss surgery, gastric disorders, ciliac disease, dependent edema, ascites, third spacing all from leakage in vascular space, liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer

Front 22

increased albumin levels

Back 22

more fluid is being brought into the vascular space, dehydration, high protein diet

Front 23

decreased globulins

Back 23

liver/renal disease, gastric disorders, low protein diets

Front 24

increased globulins

Back 24

dehydration, high protein diets, leukemia, bone marrow disorders, chronic inflammatory disease (systemic lupus)

Front 25

decreased fibrinogin

Back 25

fibrinolysis hemorrhage

Front 26

increased fibrinogin

Back 26

DIC (serious disorders in which the proteins that from fibrinogen become overproduced. A person with this has increased risk for bleeding because they used up all their clotting factors.

Front 27

decreased RBC

Back 27

sickle cells disease, hemolytic, iron deficiency or vit b12 deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia,

Front 28

increased RBC

Back 28

polycythemia vera; makes the blood thicker and the heart has to work harder.

Front 29

decreased WBC

Back 29

multiple myeloma, chemo, radiation

Front 30

Increased WBC

Back 30

leukemia, lymphomas, certain drug reactions, disease of the marrow where all the blood cells are produces.

Front 31

decreased platelets

Back 31

ITP and TTP

Front 32

increased platelets

Back 32

polycythemia vera, recent splenectomy.

Front 33

9.0-10.5

Back 33

serum calcium levels

Front 34

3.0-4.5

Back 34

serum phosphorus levels

Front 35

calcium

Back 35

99% of this is in bones

Front 36

phosphorus

Back 36

90% of this is in bones

Front 37

calcitonin

Back 37

this decreases serum calcium if its higher than normal

produced by the thyroid gland

Front 38

vit D

Back 38

this promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestines. Also inhance PTH to release Ca from bones

Front 39

Parathyroid hormone

Back 39

increases when serum calcium levels are low

Front 40

growth hormone

Back 40

increases bone length and determines amount of matrix formed before puberty

Front 41

glucocorticoids

Back 41

regulate protein metabolism

Front 42

estrogen and androgens

Back 42

stimulate bone-building activity

and decrease in this causing decrease in CA

Front 43

thyroxine

Back 43

increases protein synthesis rate

Front 44

insulin

Back 44

works with growth hormones

Front 45

after puberty

Back 45

after this stage maturity of bone is reached and maximum growth is achieved

Front 46

middle age changes

Back 46

resorption (destruction) increases and bone mass decreases.