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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Defense Mechanisms of Respiratory
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A. The nasal cavity has a mucociliary lining. The inside of the nose is lined with hair which act to filter larger particles. Mucus which collect particles not filtered by nasal hairs.
B. The adenoids and tonsils are lymphoid organs in the upper respiratory tract in the back of the throat. C. A layer of mucus and ciliated cells covers the lower portion of the lower respiratory tract. Pathogens are trapped in the mucus layer and are driven upwards by ciliary action to the back of the throat. |
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What is the ciliary elevator
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the ciliary action that drives pathogens upwards to the back of the throat
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What are some evasion of Defense Mechanisms
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1. the microorganism must avoid being caught up in the mucus layers of the upper respiratory tract, being transported to the back of the throat, and eventually being swallowed.
2. If the invader has avoided the physical defense mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract, and is deposited in the lower respiratory tract or lung, it must either avoid phagocytosis, or be able to survive and multiply in the phagocytic cell. |
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What are some Mechanisms used to initiate disease
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1. Bacterial adherence factors(F&M proteins of S.pyrogenes)
2. Extracellular toxins(diptheria toxin) 3. Intracellular growth in host tissue(i.e. chlamydia, viruses) 4. Evasion of host defense mechanisms(capsules and M protein of S.pyrogenes,etc. H.influenzae by inhibiting phagocytosis) |
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What are some URI
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Common cold, Pharyngitis & Tonsilitis, Sinusitis & Otitis Media
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What are some Airway Infections
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Diptheria, whooping cough, Laryngo-Tracheo Bronchitis (croup), Influenza, Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis
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What are some lower respiratory tract infections
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Pneumonia & Bronchopneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis
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Why are bacterial infections so important
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because they can be life-threatening and are treatable with antiobiotics
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Why are viruses not as dangerous
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because they are self limiting
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What is the common cold mostly caused by
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viruses
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what causes sinusitis
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bacteria, S.pneumoniae and H.influenza
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What causes Pharyngitis
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90% viruses, but important bacteria are S.pyogenes adn C.diptheriae
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what causes bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and croup
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mostly viral
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what causes pnuemonia
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large number of bacterial infections in adults
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What are some different types of Upper Respiratory Tract infections
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Pharyngitis
common cold acute laryngitis otitis media sinusitus epiglottitis diptheria whooping cough mumps croup |
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause Pharyngitis
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Adenovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus Coxsackieviruses Epstein-Barr Virus S. pyrogenes Corynebacterium diphtheriae Neisseria gonorrheae (rare) |
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause the common cold
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Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses Adenoviruses Myxoviruses Echoviruses Coxsackie viruses Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause sinusitis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza Moraxella Catarrhalis |
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause diptheria
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Corynebacterium diptheriae
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause Otitis Media
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Steptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Respiratory Syncytial Virus Rhinovirus |
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause Whooping cough
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Bordetella pertussis
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause Epiglottitis
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Heamophilus influenza
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what are the names of microorganisms that cause croup
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Parainfluenza viruses
Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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What are some of the normal flora components of the oral, nose, and throat
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-Streptococci (non-hemolytic and alpha-hemolytic)
-Staphylococci (S. epidermidis, S.aureus) Lactobacilli Bacteroides Corynebacteria Actinomyces Mycoplasmas Fungi, yeasts Viruses |
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what are the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis
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sore throat
pain when swallowing fever enlarged lymph nodes in the neck runny nose and postnasal drip headache diffuculty breathing (rare) |
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What is the cause of about 40% of the cases of Pharyngitis
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Acute viral pharyngitis
caused by: adenovirus rhinovirus parainfluenza virus coxsackieviruses coronavirus |
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what is the cause of about 30% of the cases of Pharyngitis
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Acute bacterial pharyngitis
Group A beta-hemolytic strep(S.pyrogenes) Neisseria gonorrheae (rare) Corynebacterium diptheriae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Group C and G streptococci(rare) |
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what is the cause of the other 30% of pharyngitis cases
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no isolated pathogens
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what are some of the complications and sequelae of strep throat
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complications:
scarlet fever bacteremia and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Sequelae: Rheumatic fever Glomerulnephritis |
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What is the morphology of strep pyrogenes, where it inhabites and how it consumes oxygen
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Gram Positive cocci
.5-1.25 micrometers diameter Facultative anaerobe extracellular normal habitat is upper resp. tract |
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What is the Epidemiology of S. pyrogenes
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15-20% URT colonization in healthy children and adults(asymptomatic carriage)
Acute disease-15%adult,30%pediatric pharyngitis-respiratory droplet spread |
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How can one obtain S. pyrogenes
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Crowded conditions (daycare)
Specific groups at risk for scarlet fever/rheumatic fever |
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What are some of the virulence factors of S. pyrogenes
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M Protein(50 serotypes) and lipoteichoic acid attachment
GroupA-specific carbohydrate Capsule- hyaluronic acid Enzyme- hyaluronidase Pyrogenic-(erythrogenic)exotoxins |
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What is the definition of the clinical disease of Pharyngitis
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Abrupt onset: sore throat, fever, malaise, and headache
Posterior pharynx: erythematous, cervical lymphadenopathy -50% have pharyngeal or tonsillar exudates -may be confused with viral pharyngitis which may also present with exudates Diagnosis requires cultures or serology (rapid test) |
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What is Scarlet Fever
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A complication of streptococcal pharyngitis
Lysogenized strep species -pyrogenic (erythrogenic)exotoxin |
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what are the symptoms of scarlet fever and the onset of symptoms
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Symptoms occur 1-2 days after onset of pharyngitis,and last 5-7 days followed by desquamation
-Diffuse erythematous rash on upper chest spreads to extremities;blanches w/ pressure; in skin folds (Pastia's Lines), "sandpaper" feel -white&red "strawberry tongue" -high fever, nausea and vomiting in serious cases |
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What is Rheumatic Fever
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Considered an autoimmune sequela to untreated and/or asymptomatic pharyngitis.
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When does Rheumatic fever occur
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2-3 weeks after pharyngitis
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What are the symptoms of Rheumatic fever
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Inflammatory changes in heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissues,
fever, rash, carditis, and arthritis Endocarditis, Pericarditis, Myocarditis |
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What do you use to diagnose Rheumatic fever and is it preventable
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Use the Jones Criteria to diagnose
Preventable if patient is treated within 10 days of the start of pharyngitis |