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324 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Addison disease
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Primary adrenocortical insufficiency
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Albright syndrome
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Young girls with short stature, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-Iait spots
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Alport syndrome
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Progressive hereditary nephritis with sensorineural deafness
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Argyll-Robertson pupil
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Small, irregular pupils that react poorly to light in neurosyphilis (accommodation is preserved)
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Arnold-Chiari malformation
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Congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through the foramen magnum; may compress medulla or cervical cord
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Aschoff bodies
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Painless nodules in rheumatic fever
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Auer rods
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Intracytoplasmic inclusions in acute myelogenous leukemia
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Babinski sign
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Upward moving great toe when sole stroked; indicates upper motor neuron lesion
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Baker's cyst
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Popliteal fossa cyst in rheumatoid arthritis
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Bartter syndrome
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Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, elevated renin and aldosterone, normal to low blood pressure
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Becker muscular dystrophy
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Less severe than Duchenne, also due to defective dystrophin
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Bell's palsy
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Facial paralysis due to lower motor neuron CN VII palsy
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Bence Jones protein
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Kappa or lambda immunoglobin light chains in urine of patients with multiple myeloma or Waldenstrorn macroglobulinemia
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Berger disease
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IgA nephropathy; most common form of primary glomerulonephritis
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Bernard-Soulier disease
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Thrombocytopenia, large platelets; defect in platelet adhesion
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Birbeck granules
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Intracellular "tennis racket"-shaped structures in histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
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Bouchard's nodes
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PIP swelling in osteoarthritis secondary to osteophytes
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Brushfield spots
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Ring of iris spots in Down syndrome
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Bruton disease
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia; mature B cells absent
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Budd-Chiari syndrome
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Posthepatic venous thrombosis causing occlusion of hepatic vein or inferior vena cava
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Buerger disease
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Small/medium artery vasculitis, especially in young male smokers
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Burkitt lymphoma
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EBV-associated lymphoma with 8:14 translocation (starry sky appearance)
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Burton's lines
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Blue discoloration of gums in lead poisoning
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Caisson disease
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Gas emboli in divers
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Call-Exner bodies
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Small spaces with eosinophilic material in granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary
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Chagas disease
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Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi (Central and South America)
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Charcot's triad #1
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Nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning speech; suggests multiple sclerosis
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Charcot's triad #2
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Jaundice, RUQ pain, and fever; suggests cholangitis
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Charcot-Leyden crystals
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Crystals in sputum made of eosinophil membranes; suggests bronchial asthma
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Chediak-Higashi disease
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Phagocyte deficiency related to abnormally large granules in neutrophils
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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Terminal pattern of respirations with increasing breaths followed by apnea; indicates central apnea in coronary heart disease and increased intracranial pressure
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Chvostek's sign
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Facial musical spasm on tapping; indicates hypocalcemia
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Codman's triangle on x-ray
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Subperiosteal new bone formation; suggests osteosarcoma
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Cori disease
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Liver and muscle glycogen storage disease due to debranching enzyme deficiency
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Councilman bodies
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Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic balls in hepatocytes; suggests toxic or viral hepatitis
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Cowdry type A bodies
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Intranuclear inclusions; suggests herpesvirus infection
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome
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Mild (type 2) to life-threatening (type 1) congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Curling ulcer
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Acute grastric ulcer secondary to severe burns
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Curschmann's spirals
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Coiled mucinous fibrils found in sputum in bronchial asthma
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Cushing ulcer
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Gastric ulcer produced by increased intracranial pressure
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Donovan bodies
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Intracellular bacteria in granuloma inguinale
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Dressler syndrome
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Fibrinous pericarditis developing after myocardial infarction
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome
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Benign black liver secondary to congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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X-linked recessive muscle dysfunction secondary to deleted dystrophin gene
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Edwards syndrome
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Trisomy 18; causes "rocker bottom" feet, low-set ears, and heart disease
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Eisenmenger's complex
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Uncorrected left-to-right cardiac shunt causes late right-to-Ieft shunt with late cyanosis
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Erb-Duchenne palsy
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"Waiter's tip" hand secondary to superior trunk brachial plexus injury
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Fanconi syndrome
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Kidney dysfunction secondary to proximal tubular reabsorption defect
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Gardner syndrome
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Constellation of colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
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Gaucher disease
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Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leading to potentially fatal glucocerebroside accumulation in multiple organs, notably spleen, liver, marrow, and brain
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Ghon focus
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Small lung lesion of early tuberculosis
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Gilbert syndrome
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Benign congenital unconjugated bilirubinemia (mostly just scares doctors)
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Goodpasture syndrome
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Anti-basement membrane antibodies; causes pulmonary and kidney bleeding
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Gower's maneuver
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Child using arms to help with leg weakness when trying to stand; suggests Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Autoimmune peripheral nerve damage causing life-threatening paralysis
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Hand-SchUller-Christian disease
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Chronic, progressive, potentially fatal histiocytosis in which macrophages attack a child's body
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Heberden's nodes
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Osteophytes at DIP; suggests osteoarthritis
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Heinz bodies
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Red cell inclusions in G6PD deficiency
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Henoch-Sch6nlein purpura
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Hypersensitivity vasculitis causing hemorrhagic urticaria and arthritis
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Homer-Wright rosette
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Microscopic finding of a ring of neural cells suggesting neuroblastoma
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Horner syndrome
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Dysfunction of oculosympathetic pathway; ptosis, miosis, hemianhidrosis, apparent enophthalmos; causes include Pancoast tumor, lateral medullary syndrome
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Howell-Jolly bodies
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Red cell inclusions of DNA suggesting hyposplenism
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Huntington disease
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Autosomal-dominant caudate degeneration causing chorea and psychiatric problems
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Janeway lesions
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Hemorrhagic nodules in palms or soles; suggest endocarditis
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
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Overaggressive treatment of infection causing endotoxin release with possible shock; classic example is syphilis
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Job syndrome
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Poor delayed hypersensitivity with neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality causing hyper-lgE with skin abscesses and other infections
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Kaposi sarcoma
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HHV-8 infection in AIDS patients causing vascular sarcoma
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Kartagener syndrome
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Dynein defect causes defective cilia, leading to bronchiectasis
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Kayser-Fleischer rings
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Green to golden copper deposits in iris around pupil; suggest Wilson disease
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
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Acellular glomerular nodules; suggest diabetic nephropathy
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Bilateral amygdala lesions causing bizarre behavior with tendency to put anything in the mouth
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Koplik spots
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Minute white specks in buccal mucosa that may be first sign of measles
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Krukenberg tumor
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Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
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Kussmaul ventilation
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Diabetic ketoacidosis causes rapid, deep breathing to blow off CO2
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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X-linked HGPRT deficiency causing high uric acid levels with risk of brain damage
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Lewy bodies
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Round intracytoplasmic inclusions in neurons; seen in Parkinson disease
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Libman-Sacks disease
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Noninfectious endocarditis in SLE
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Lines of Zahn
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White streaks in arterial thrombus
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Lisch nodules
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Brown iris lesions in neurofibromatosis
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Mallory bodies
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Ropy cytoplasmic inclusions in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome
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Esophagogastric lacerations with profuse bleeding secondary to heavy vomiting, forcing part of stomach into esophagus
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McArdle disease
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Muscle phosphorylase deficiency causing glycogen storage disease with promine -muscular symptoms
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McBurney's point
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Appendicitis is suggested by tenderness on palpation on a line between the anterior superior spine of the ilium and the umbilicus
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Negri bodies
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Neuron inclusions on electron microscopy in rabies
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Niemann-Pick disease
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Potentially fatal sphingomyelinase deficiency causing sphingomyelin deposition in brain and other organs, cherry-red macula spot, and neurologic problems
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Osler's nodes
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Pea-sized nodules on palms and soles suggesting endocarditis
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Pancoast tumor
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Apical lung cancer causing Horner syndrome
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Parinaud syndrome
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Dorsal midbrain syndrome often caused by compression by pineal gland; paralysis of upward gaze, may compress cerebral aqueduct -7 noncommunicating hydrocephalus
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Parkinson disease
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Motor disorder (resting tremor, rigidity) secondary to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
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Benign autosomal-dominant colon polyposis syndrome
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Peyronie disease
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Penis deviates on erection secondary to fibrosis
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Pick bodies
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Round, silver-staining cytoplasmic structures in neurons in Pick disease; contain tab! protein
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Pick cells
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Swollen (balloon) cells found in Pick disease; may contain Pick bodies
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Pick disease
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Frontal and temporal atrophy; progressive dementia; similar to Alzheimer disease but has a shorter course
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
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Pompe disease
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Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency causing cardiomegaly
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Pott disease
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Tuberculosis of the vertebrae
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Raynaud syndrome
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Recurrent vasospasm in extremities causing hand or foot color changes
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Reed-Sternberg cells
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Large binucleate tumor cells in Hodgkin disease
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Reid index
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Increased Reid index means thick mucous glands in bronchus and suggests chronic bronchitis
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Reinke crystals
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Crystals seen in Leydig cell tumors on microscopy
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Reiter syndrome
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Nongonococcal urethritis causes immune response, leading to conjunctivitis and arthritis
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Roth spots
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Retinal hemorrhages; suggest endocarditis
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Rotor syndrome
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Fairly benign congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Russell bodies
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Round plasma cell inclusions that suggest multiple myeloma
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Schiller-Duval bodies
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Glomerulus-like microscopic structures in yolk sac tumors
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Sezary syndrome
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Cutaneous form of T-cell lymphoma with marked generalized erythema
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Sheehan syndrome
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Postpartum pituitary necrosis leading to massive hormonal deficits
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Sipple syndrome
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MEN type lIa; medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid disease
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Sjogren syndrome
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Autoimmune attack on salivary glands with dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis
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Spitz nevus
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Childhood spindle cell lesion that looks like melanoma but has better prognosis
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Trousseau's sign of hypocalcemia
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Carpal spasm
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Trousseau's sign of malignancy
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Migratory thrombophlebitis suggesting visceral (pancreatic) carcinoma
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Virchow's node
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Left supraclavicular node enlargement suggesting metastatic gastric carcinoma
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Virchow's triad
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Combination of blood stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulation causes venous clots with risk of pulmonary embolism
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von Recklinghausen neurologic disease
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Neurofibromatosis
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von Recklinghausen bone disease
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Osteitis fibrosa cystica
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Wallenberg syndrome
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Lateral medullary syndrome caused by PICA occlusion; causes contralateral pain/ temperature deficits in body, ipsilateral pain/temperature deficits in face, dysphagia, vestibular dysfunction, ipsilateral Horner syndrome
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
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Adrenal hemorrhage complicating meningococcemia
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Weber syndrome
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Medial midbrain syndrome; ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis, contralateral spastic paralysis, contralateral lower facial weakness
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Wermer syndrome
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MEN type I; parathyroid tumors, endocrine pancreatic tumors, and pituitary gland tumors
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Whipple disease
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Tropheryma whippe/ii causes malabsorption syndrome
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Wilson disease
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Altered copper metabolism causes damage to liver and brain; Kayser-Fleischer rings
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Zenker's diverticulum
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Lower esophageal diverticulum
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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Gastrin-secreting tumor causing peptic ulcers
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Argyll Robertson pupil
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Tertiary (neuro) syphilis; loss of light reflex constriction; accommodation is preserved; classic form bilateral
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Blue sclera
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Osteogenesis imperiecta, types I and II (fatal) Also may be seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Marian syndrome
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Brushfield spots
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Down syndrome (ring of white spots around periphery of iris; trisomy 21)
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Charcot's triad #1
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Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech; triad #2 is for cholangitis: jaundice, fever, rigors, pain)
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Cherry-red spot
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Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, central retinal artery occlusion (retinal pallor contrasting with strikingly red macular spot)
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Cotton-wool spots
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Chronic hypertension (small areas of yellowish-white discoloration in the retina)
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Horner syndrome
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Impaired sympathetic innervation to eye (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, and apparent enophthalmos; numerous causes, including vascular, traumatic, congenital, Pancoast tumor, other tumors)
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
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Multiple sclerosis (disorder of lateral conjugate gaze; affected eye cannot adduct and nystagmus occurs in the abducting eye; convergence is intact)
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Kayser-Fleischer rings
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Wilson disease (greenish or golden copper deposits in crescent or ring in Descemet's membrane)
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Lens dislocation
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Marfan syndrome (can be accompanied by aortic dissection and joint hyperflexibility)
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Lisch nodules
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Neurofibromatosis type I (tan hamartomas on the iris)
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Roth spots
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Bacterial endocarditis (hemorrhage in retina with a white center; also seen in leukemia, diabetes, collagen-vascular diseases)
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Adenoma Sebaceum
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Tuberous sclerosis (raised, erythematous papules on the face, especially around the nose)
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Anesthesia
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Leprosy (skin may be blotchy, red, or thickened)
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Bullae (tense)
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Bullous pemphigoid
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Bullae (flaccid, rupturing)
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Pemphigus
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Brown-black lesion with fuzzy edge
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Melanoma (depth of lesion most important prognostic indicator)
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Butterfly rash
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (nose and cheeks)
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Cafe-au-Iait spots
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Neurofibromatosis (light brown spots, often over 1 cm)
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Chancre
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Primary syphilis (painless ulcer, usually on genitalia)
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Chancroid
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Haemophilus ducreyi (painful ulcer, usually on genitalia)
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Condylomata lata
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Secondary syphilis (smooth, flat, painless genital lesions; scrapings may show spirochetes with darkfield microscopy)
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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Pellagra caused by niacin deficiency
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Dog or cat bite
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Pasteurella multocida
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Elastic skin
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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Erythema chronicum migrans
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Lyme disease (expanding red ring with central clearing at tick bite site)
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Generalized hyperpigmentation
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Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
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Kaposi sarcoma
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AIDS (usually slightly raised violaceous papules or plaques)
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Port wine stain
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Hemangioma (large, purplish lesion on face)
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Rash on palms and soles
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Secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Silvery, scaly plaques
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Psoriasis (knees, elbows, scalp)
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Slapped cheeks
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Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease, parvovirus B19)
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Vesicles, small painful
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Herpes, dermatitis herpetiformis
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Arachnodactyly
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Marfan syndrome (very long fingers and toes)
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Babinski sign
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Upper motor neuron lesion (stimulation of sole of foot ---7 upgoing great toe)
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Baker's cyst
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Rheumatoid arthritis (cyst in popliteal fossa)
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Bouchard's node
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Osteoarthritis (PIP osteophytes)
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Boutonniere deformity
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Rheumatoid arthritis (finger flexed at PIP and hyperextended at DIP)
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Calf pseudohypertrophy
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (replacement of muscle with fat and connective tissue)
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Heberden's nodes
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Osteoarthritis (DIP enlargement because of osteophytes)
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Janeway lesions
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Endocarditis (hemorrhagic nodules in palms or soles)
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Osler's nodes
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Endocarditis (tender nodules on palms and soles)
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Palpable purpura
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura (legs and buttocks)
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Rash affecting palms and soles
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Secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Raynaud syndrome
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Recurrent vasospasm (pale to blue to red on hands or feet)
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Simian crease
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Down syndrome (single long crease across palm; trisomy 21)
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Splinter hemorrhage
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Infective endocarditis, trauma (found under fingernails)
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Tendon xanthomas
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (classically Achilles tendon)
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Tophi
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Gout (hard nodules composed of uric acid)
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Bamboo spine
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Ankylosing spondylitis (rigid spine with fused joints)
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Boot-shaped heart
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Right ventricular hypertrophy; tetralogy of Fallot (upturned ventricular apex and large pulmonary artery make the "boot")
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Codman's triangle
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Osteosarcoma (new subperiosteal bone lifts periosteum)
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Double-bubble sign
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Duodenal atresia, also duodenal stenosis, duodenal webs, annular pancreas, malrotation of the gut (two air-filled structures in upper abdomen, with little or no air distally)
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"Hair on end" or "crew-cut"
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Beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis below periosteum leads to formation of bony spicules = "hair" on outside of bone)
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Mammillary body atrophy
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Wernicke encephalopathy (memory loss)
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Periosteal elevation
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Pyogenic osteomyelitis (elevation due to subperiosteal inflammation; this may be the earliest radiologic sign of osteomyelitis)
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"Punched out" (lytic) lesions of bone
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Multiple myeloma
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Rib notching
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Coarctation of aorta (dilated aorta before coarctation puts chronic pressure on ribs)
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Soap bubble
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Giant cell tumor of bone (lytic expansile lesion)
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String sign
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Crohn disease (small bowel follow-through shows very narrow lumen, typically in terminal ileum)
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Soft systolic ejection murmurs
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May be normal in infants, children, pregnancy
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Systolic ejection murmur (right 2nd interspace)
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Aortic stenosis
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Systolic ejection murmur (mid to lower left sternal border)
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Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
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Systolic ejection murmur (left 2nd interspace)
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Pulmonic stenosis
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Systolic ejection murmur (apex, can increase through systole)
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Mitral regurgitation
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Systolic ejection murmur (lower left sternal border, increases with inspiration)
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Tricuspid regurgitation
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Holosystolic ejection murmur (left fourth interspace)
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Ventricular septal defect
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Diastolic murmur (apex)
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Mitral stenosis
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Diastolic murmur (left 4th interspace)
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Tricuspid stenosis
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Decrescendo diastolic murmur (left 4th interspace)
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Aortic regurgitation (see also Austin-Flint murmur)
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Austin-Flint murmur (mid-to-Iate-diastolic rumble/low-frequency murmur over apex)
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Severe aortic regurgitation
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Decrescendo diastolic murmur (right sternal edge and left 2nd interspace)
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Pulmonic regurgitation
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Continuous murmur (left 2nd interspace below median end of clavicle)
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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Continuous murmur (centrally at 3rd interspace level)
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Aorticopulmonary window defect
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Continuous murmur (peripheral body sites)
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8ystemic arteriovenous connections
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Loud S1
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Mitral stenosis
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Soft or absent S1
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Mitral regurgitation if valve is stiff
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Late aortic valve closure in S2
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Left bundle branch block, aortic stenosis
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Late pulmonic valve closure in S2
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Atrial septal defect, right bundle branch block
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Fixed split S2 during respiration
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Atrial septal defect
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Paradoxical splitting of S2
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Left bundle branch block (also some cases of aortic stenosis and patent ductus)
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8ingle S2
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Badly damaged aortic valve (regurgitation, stenosis, or atresia)
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Early systolic click
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Congenital aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis, severe pulmonary hypertension
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Changing systolic clicks with position
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Myxomatous degeneration of mitral or tricuspid valves
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S3 (pericardial knock)
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Dilated and noncompliant left (strongest on expiration) or right (strongest on inspiration) ventricle, normal in kids
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S4
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Right (strongest on inspiration) or left (strongest on expiration) ventricular dysfunction (myocardial ischemia or early myocardial infarction)
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Summation gallop (combined S3 and S4)
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Tachycardic patient with right or left ventricular dysfunction
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Diastolic knock
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Constricting pericardium
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Mitral opening snap
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Mitral stenosis
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5p-
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Cri-du-chat syndrome (cat-like cry, feeding problems, abnormal mental development)
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45,XQ
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Turner syndrome (infertile female, webbed neck, coarctation of aorta)
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47,XXY
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Klinefelter syndrome (male with small testes and eunuchoid habitus)
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CFTR .
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Cystic fibrosis (chloride channel gene, chromosome 7, recurrent pneumonia, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency)
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FBN1 (codes for gene fibrillin)
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Marian syndrome (chromosome 15, tall stature, hyperextensible joints, dissecting aortic aneurysm)
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NF1
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Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen disease, chromosome 17, neurofibromas, cafe-au-Iait spots)
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NF2
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Neurofibromatosis type II (bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis, chromosome 22)
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t(8;14)
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Burkitt lymphoma (e-mye)
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t(9;22)
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CML and occasionally AML (Philadelphia chromosome, ber-abl hybrid)
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t(14;18)
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Many follicular lymphomas (bel-2)
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Trisomy 13
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Patau syndrome (microcephaly, mental retardation, cleft palate, polydactyly, heart malformations)
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Trisomy 18
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Edwards syndrome (rocker bottom feet, microcephaly, mental retardation, multiple organ defects)
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Trisomy 21
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Down syndrome (most common chromosomal disorder, older maternal age, mental retardation, early Alzheimer disease)
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VHL
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von Hippel-Lindau (chromosome 3, hemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma)
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XYY
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XYY syndrome (very tall male with increased risk of behavior problems)
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Auer rods
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Acute myelogenous leukemia, particularly promyelocytic (rods in white blood cell cytoplasm)
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Basophilic stippling
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Lead pOisoning (dots in erythrocytes)
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Birbeck granules on EM
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Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
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Call-Exner bodies
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Granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary (ring of cells with pink fluid in center)
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Cerebriform nuclei
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Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
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Clue cells
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Gardnerella vaginitis (bacteria on epithelial cells)
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Councilman bodies
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Toxic or viral hepatitis (pink, round cytoplasmic inclusion in hepatocytes)
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Cowdry type A bodies
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Herpes (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions)
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Crescents in Bowman's capsule
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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
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Curschmann's spirals
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Bronchial asthma (coiled mucinous fibrils found in sputum)
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson disease (degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons)
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Donovan bodies
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Granuloma inguinale (oval, rod-shaped organisms in cells)
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Ferruginous bodies
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Asbestosis (rod-shaped structures with crystals on them)
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Heinz bodies
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G6PD deficiency (red cell inclusions)
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Homer Wright rosettes
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Neuroblastoma (ring of neural cells)
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Howell-Jowell bodies
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Splenectomy or nonfunctioning spleen (blue-black erythrocyte inclusions)
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Macrocytic anemia (vitamin B12 or folate deficiency)
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Hypochromic microcytosis
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Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning
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Keratin pearls
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Squamous cell carcinoma (concentric layers of keratin)
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Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules
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Diabetic nephropathy (acellular nodules in glomerulus)
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Koilocytes
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HPV infections such as condyloma, cervical dysplasia (look for perinuclear halo)
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Lewy bodies
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Parkinson disease (round, pink nodules in neuronal cytoplasm)
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Mallory bodies
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Alcoholic liver disease (ropy, pink cytoplasmic structures in hepatocytes)
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Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
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Gout (uric acid)
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Negri bodies
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Rabies (large viral inclusions in neurons, see on Emergency Medicine)
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Neurofibrillary tangles
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Alzheimer disease (tangles of fibers in neuron cytoplasm)
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Owl's eye nuclei
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Cytomegalovirus (due to virus particles in nucleus)
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Pick bodies
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Pick disease (silver protein depOSits in neurons)
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Pseudopalisading tumor cell arrangement
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Glioblastoma multiforme (foci of necrosis surrounded by intact tumor cells)
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Pseudo rosettes
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Ewing sarcoma (rings of cells with central vessel)
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Reed-Sternberg cells
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Hodgkin lymphoma (large binucleate cell with large nucleoli)
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Reinke crystals
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Leydig cell tumor (rectangular crystals, ovary or testes)
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Renal epithelial casts in urine
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Acute toxicity/viral (epithelial casts reflect tubular damage)
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Rhomboid crystals in jOint fluid, positively birefringent
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Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate crystals)
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Rouleaux
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Multiple myeloma (stacked erythrocytes)
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Russell bodies
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Multiple myeloma (hyaline spheres in plasma cells)
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Schiller-Duval bodies
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Yolk sac tumor (look like glomeruli)
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Senile plaques
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Alzheimer disease (extracellular amyloid)
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Signet ring cells
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Gastric carcinoma (have nucleus compressed to one side of cell)
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Smudge cells
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (smashed lymphocyte)
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Spike and dome on EM
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Membranous glomerulonephritis (irregular dense deposits with basement membrane material between deposits)
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"Starry sky" pattern
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Burkitt lymphoma (sheets of small lymphocytes with scattered histiocytes as "stars")
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Subepithelial humps on Emergency Medicine
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Poststreptococcal g lomeru loneph ritis
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Sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israeli (clusters of bacteria)
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Tram track appearance on light microscopy
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (double contour capillary loops)
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Waxy casts in urine
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Chronic end-stage renal disease
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WBC casts in urine
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Acute pyelonephritis
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WBCs in urine
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Acute cystitis (heavy neutrophilic infiltrate)
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"Wire loop" lesion
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Lupus nephritis (thickened capillary basement membrane)
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Anti-basement membrane
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Goodpasture syndrome
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Anticentromere
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Scleroderma (CREST syndrome)
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Anti-double stranded DNA (ANA antibodies)
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (type III hypersensitivity-immune complexes)
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Antiepithelial cell
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Antigliadin
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Celiac disease
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Antihistone
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Drug-induced SlE
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Anti-lgG
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Rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid factor)
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Antimitochondrial
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Primary biliary cirrhosis
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Antineutrophil
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Vasculitis
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Antiplatelet
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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C-ANCA, P-ANCA
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Wegener granulomatosis (C-ANCA), polyarteritis nodosa (mostly P-ANCA, but can have both)
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Cll
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae, mononucleosis, lymphoma, Cll
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Acanthocytes (spur cells)
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Abetalipoproteinemia (severe burns, liver disease, hypothyroidism)
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Basophilic stippling
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lead poisoning (thalassemia)
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Bite cells and Heinz bodies
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (spleen removes Heinz bodies, leading to "bitten" appearance of RBCs)
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Dacrocytes (teardrop cells)
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Scarring of bone marrow (myelophthisis), splenic dysfunction
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Echinocytes (burr cells)
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Often drying artifact, uremia
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Elliptocytes (ovalocytes)
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Hereditary elliptocytosis (iron deficiency, thalassemia, myelophthisis)
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Howell-Jolly bodies and Cabot rings
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Splenic dysfunction (thalassemia)
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Macrocytes (large cells)
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Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency (myelodysplastic syndromes, liver disease)
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Microcytes (small cells)
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Iron deficiency anemia (thalassemia and some cases of anemia of chronic disease)
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Pappenheimer bodies
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Sideroblastic anemia (splenic dysfunction)
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Rouleaux formation
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Multiple myeloma (RBCs stacked like coins)
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Schistocytes
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Intravascular hemolysis (fragmented cells)
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Spherocytes
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Hereditary spherocytosis (extravascular hemolysis)
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Stomatocytes
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Hereditary stomatocytosis (alcoholism)
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Target cells
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Liver disease, thalassemia (HbC, occasionally in iron deficiency)
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Bilobed neutrophil nuclei
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Pelger-Huet anomaly
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Cerebriform nuclei (convoluted appearance to nucleus)
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Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
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Dohle bodies
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Sepsis, May-Hegglin anomaly (pale blue, oval cytoplasmic inclusions that can be near cytoplasmic membrane of neutrophils)
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Giant platelets
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Bernard-Soulier syndrome
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Hypersegmented neutrophil nuclei
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Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia
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Large blue granules in cytoplasm of all white blood cells
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Alder-Reilly anomaly
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Large eosinophilic granules in neutrophil cytoplasm
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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Toxic granulation
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Sepsis (medium-to-Iarge sized dark blue granulations in neutrophil cytoplasm)
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
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Liver damage
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Alkaline phosphatase (Alk phos)
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Bone, biliary, and placental disease
|
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Amylase
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Pancreatic and salivary disease
|
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
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Sarcoidosis (also primary biliary cirrhosis, Gaucher disease, leprosy)
|
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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
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Acute myocardial infarction, liver disease
|
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Creatinine kinase (CK) CK-MB
|
Myocardial infarction (early 2-8 h), severe skeletal muscle injury
|
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Elastase-1
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Pancreatic disease
|
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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) LD1>LD2 High LD4 and LD5 High LD1 And LD5
|
Acute myocardial infarction (early), hemolysis, renal infarction Liver damage (also skeletal muscle damage) Acute myocardial infarction complicated by liver congestion; alcoholic liver disease complicated by megaloblastic anemia
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Lipase
|
Pancreatic disease
|
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Myoglobin
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Myocardial infarction (early, but nonspecific)
|
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Troponin I
|
Myocardial infarction (elevates as early as 3 h post MI, then stays elevated up to 9 days after MI)
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