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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antibody tests
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elisa or eia
western blot test |
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antigen tests
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p24
PCR |
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nucleaoside reverse transcriptace inhibitors (nrtis)
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slow down production of HIV
good for newly infected cells |
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non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRITIs)
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block duplication and spread of HIV
good for newly infected cells |
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proteast inhibitors
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keeps non infectious virus from becoming infectious
also good for long time infected cells |
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nucleotides
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mostly used on those not responding well
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current HIV therapy
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"triple therapy" 2 nucleoside analogs combined with a protease inhibitor
also called HAART |
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Leukemia
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malignant neoplasias of immature WBCs. cancer of the WBCs affecting the bone marrow and circulation blood
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immature WBCs are called
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stem cells or blasts
most blood cells mature in the bone marrow |
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
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happens in kids, and is quick
good prognosis, boys more affected than girls 20x more common with down syndrome |
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AML- acute myelogenous leukemia
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from radiation, benzyne, chemo
mean age 63yo ppl over 60yo, prognosis is poor |
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chronic leukemia
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incidious
most common type of leukemia in adults not curable |
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CML- chronic myeloid leukemia
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less common than CLL
men more than women poor prognosis |
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clinical S&S of chronic leukemia
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insidious
low grade fever weight loss anemia lymphadenopathy |
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sickle cell anemia
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hereditary form of hemolytic anemia, makes defective sickle shaped red blood cells when they become deoxygenated
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clinical presentation of sickle cell anemia
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pain in joints
joint swelling enlargement of spleen leg ulcers jaundice |
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aplastic crisis
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production of red cells stop
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hemophilia
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a congenital bleeding disorder of one of the blood clotting factors
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inherited bleeding disorders
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are genetically transmitted
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acquired bleeding disorders
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occur secondary to diseases
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hemophilia A
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factor VIII deficiency
x-linked recessive trait an affected man will not transmit the disease to his sons, his daughter will be carriers most common and best known clotting defect, affects males |
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hemophilia B (christmas disease)
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factor XI deficiency
clinically identical to A not as common manifests in males |
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Von Willebrand's disease
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most common INHERITED bleeding disorder
affects females and males NOSE BLEEDS |
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hemarthroses
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bleeding into the soft tissues of the joints, leading to pain and swelling
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Partial thromboplastin time
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best single screening test for coagulation disorders
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lymphomas
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a cancer of the lymphoid organs and tissues. 7th most common malignancy woldwide
diff types: hodgkin's, non-hodgkin's, and burkitt's they are grouped as b-cell and t-cell neoplasms |
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hodgkin's
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uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes
2 peaks in life: early childhood and 50's Ebstein-barr virus freq. present pain following alcohol consumpt. good prognosis |
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non-hodgkin's
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median age is 67yo
appear to be of bcell and tcell orgin tender lymphnodes poor prognosis |
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burkitt's lymphoma
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aggressive lymphoma of bcell orgin
most curable forms of lymphoma Endemic (africa and jaw) Sporadic (other places and not jaw) |
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neoadjuvant
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BEFORE surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor (chemo)
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adjuvant
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AFTER surgery or radio, making sure disease is gone (chemo)
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chemo side effects
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nausea, hair loss, appetite change/weight gain.loss, taste changes, sores in mouth/throat
GI tract becomes sensitive |
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retching
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rhythmic movement of the diaphragm and stomach muslces
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nadir
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time when blood components are at their lowest levels.
1-2 wks after chemo has begun |
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low RBCs
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anemia
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low WBCs
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neutropenia
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low platelets
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thrombocytopenia
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radiation therapy
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exposing cancerous tissue to electromagnetic radiation in order to destroy cancer cells. damage to the surrounding normal cells cannot be avoided but normal cells are not destroyed like cancer cells
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prophylactic radiation therapy
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radiating areas that are cancer free, to prevent cancer cells from growing there
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types of radiation therapy
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EBT (external beam therapy)
internal beam (brachytherapy) systemic |
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OSTEORADIONECROSIS
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exposed bone that fails to heal after high-dose radiation to the JAWS
risk is greatest in post mand sites, and ppl who smoke protocol: extract questionable teeth at least 2wks before radio avoid extractions before radio |
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down syndrome
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a chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental handicap and is characterized by their PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
associated with an anomaly of chrimosome 21 (trisomy 21) instead of 46 chrom. they have 47 |
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S&S of down syndrome
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up to 50% have congenital heart defects and language, vision and hearing problems
risk for leukemia is 20x greater along with thyroid problems, diabetes, epilepsy, alzheimers and immunologic defects mild to profound mental retardation |
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oral finding in down syndrome
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mandibular prognathism
mopen mouth posture, fissured tongue anterior open bite decreased salivary flow delayed eruption of teeth |
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autism
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collection of neurologically-based developmental disorders in which ppl have impairments in social interaction and comm. skills along with a tendency to have repetitive behaviors or interests
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spectrum disorder
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symptoms and characteristics of autism can present themselves in a wide variety of combinations from mild to severe. no "standard type" of person with autism
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prevalence of autism
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4x more common in males and appears in first 3yrs of life
RETT's disorder only occurs in girls |
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echolalia
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parrot-like repetition of words heard by autistic person
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mental retardation
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sub-average intellectual functioning originating during the developmental period and associated with impairment in adaptive behavior (IQ < 70)
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mild retardation
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educable
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moderate retardation
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trainable
academic skills at 2nd grade level good self-caring skills |
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profound retardation
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custodial
need constant care little ability to talk |
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prenatal factors
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malnutrition of pregnant female
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perinatal factors
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prematurity
cns bleeding breech or high forcepts delivery preeclampsia |
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levels of mental retardation
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opposite of what you'd think
level A is severe etc |
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microcephaly
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small cranium that testricts brain growth (MR)
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hydrocephaly
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expansion of the cranium from excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (MR)
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alzheimer's
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most common form of dementia. during the course of the disease the chemistry of the brain cahnges and cell, nerves and transmitters are attacked. eventually the brain shrinks as the gaps develop. it is a progressive irreversible brain disorder
no gender or race prevalence |
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cognex, atricept, exelon, reminyl
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drugs that may temp. relieve some symptoms of alzheimer's
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congestive heart failure
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it is an inability of the heart to function efficiently as a pump which results in either an inadequate emptying of the ventricles during systole or an incomplete filling of the ventricles during diastole
failure of left side of heart is most common |
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etiology of CHF
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coronary artery disease
hypertension cardiomyopathy valvular heart disease infective endocardidis pulmonary hypertension pulmonary embolism endocrine disease |
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stages of CHF
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first stage: beats quickly and irregularly
second: trouble breathing, fluid build up third: given meds |
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ACE inhibitors
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one of the most important agenst in fighting heart failure
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inotropes
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drugs that increase the strength of the heart's contractions, reduce heart size and reduce certain irregular heart beats
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cardiac pacemaker
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the natural pacemaker is the SA node. from that node, impulses are sent along the muscle walls to stimulate and regulate the contractions of the ventricles
use pacemaker when natural rhythm cannot be maintained |
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treatment planning for pacemaker
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avoid ultrasonic devices and electrosurgery
position at least 30cm away from interference (1ft) can cause prolonged hiccoughing |
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parkinson's disease
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a chrionic progressive disorder of the central nervous system that belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorder. it is the direct result of the loss of cells in a section of the brain called SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
lack of dopamine more common in men |
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main features of parkinson's disease
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tremor-worst at rest
rigidity/stiffness abnormal posture bradykinesia-slowness in movements, speech and swallowing may be affected restlessness(akathisia) expressionless face |
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medical management of parkinson's
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levodopa (sinemet)- improves akenesia, many side effects
antispasmodics (propranolol or primidone)- for tremors pallidotomy- hole drilled in skull, reduces dyskinesia(not moving well) thalamotomy |
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multiple sclerosis
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autoimmune disease that affects the cns. the cns consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the opic nerves. surrounding and protecting the nerve fibers of the cns is a fatty tissue called myelin which helps nerve fibers conduct electrical impulses
myelin is lost, leaving scar tissue called schlerosis also known as plaques or lesions women affected twice as men |
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primary symptoms of MS
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general fatigue
problems walking visual problems tingling or paresthesia of hands and feet spasms may have sudden onset of severe illness tremor speech/swallowing problems |
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courses of disease
relapsing-remitting |
with this type of MS there are clearly defined flare-ups. followed by partial or complete recovery periods
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primary-progressive
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will experience a slow but nearly continuous worsening of their disease with no relapses or remissions (gets worse over time)
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secondary-progressive
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MS goes away then comes back
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progressive-relapsing
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MS is very serious, acute relapses
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medical management of MS
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corticosterioids
mitoxantrone-chemo drug slows disease process by attacking WBCs |
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Renal failure
End stage renal disease |
more common in blacks and native and asian americans, more common in men
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ESRD
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caused by any condition that destroys nephrons
normals function is maintained until about 50-75% of the nephrons are destroyed. can be caused by misusing NSAIDS |
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patients with advanced renal disease develop
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uremia (can be fatal) it is retention of excretory products in the blood
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uremic frost
renal failure |
yellow skin
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s&s of renal failure
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appear ill and develop nocturia (going to broom at night)
swelling monitor sodium intake! |
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peritoneal
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used for acute renal failure. replaces the work of the kidneys by removing extra water, wastes, and chemicals from the body
uses the lining of the abdomen, called the peritoneal membrane to filter the blood this process take 30-40 min and is repeated 4x/day, serious problem could be fluid in the abdomen |
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hemodialysis
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is for chronic renal failure
done 3x a week, herparin is added to prevent clotting |
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transplantation
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diseased kidneys are not removed, the new kidney is attached below the old kidney
ideal organ is from identical twin |
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oral manifestations of renal failure
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pallor of the oral mucosa
orange/red discoloration of cheeks uremic frost loss of lamina dura, (ground glass appearance) |
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transplant patients will have a lifetime of immunosupressants
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cyclosporine
prednisone |
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hyperacute rejection
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occurs within minutes after the kidney is transplanted
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accelerated rejection
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similar to hyperacute but generally occure within 3-4 days
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acute rejection
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occurs between 5-90 days after transplantation
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chronic rejection
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any time after 3 months
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CAPD
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continuous abuatory parateneal dialysis
most common form, not for anywone with abdominal or intestinal problems, it's for CHILDREN |
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chronic bronchitis
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excessive tracheobronchial mucus production with cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive yrs
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