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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
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Physical or chemical barrier, always there, doesn't have to be activated or acquired. Non-specific
Ex. - intact skin, saliva, tears, |
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NORMAL FLORA
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Bacteria in our body that maintains a symbiotic relationship with us.
Ex. - sebaceous glands - secrete substance which is antibacterial and antifungal |
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SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
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INFLAMMATION
non-specific, begins seconds after invasion, req activation, very general and takes some time. |
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THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
Involves one type of serum protein (immunoglobin or antibody), and one type of blood cell (lymphocytes) Takes very long time and VERY SPECIFIC |
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ASTHENIA
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weakness, lack of energy
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WHAT DOES INFLAMMATION DO?
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1) Destroys invaders
2) confines and isolates the invader 3) stimulates and enhances immunity 4) promotes healing |
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WHAT ARE THE TRIGGER AGENTS FOR INFLAMATION
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1) mast cell degranulation, (releasing histamine) A.K.A. mastocytes
2) activation of plasma systems and release of subcellular components |
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WHAT ARE THE 5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
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1) swelling
2) redness 3) pain 4) heat 5) loss of function |
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HOW ARE THE SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION MANIFESTED
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Accumulation of exudate from the leaky capillaries causes swelling, which exerts pressure with the prostaglandins and bradykinin causing pain, and the heat and redness are a result of the increased vasodilation and increase in local perfusion.
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WHAT ARE THE SYSTEMIC SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
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Fever, leukocytosis, asthenia, and anorexia.
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WHAT IS EXUDATE
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dilute bacterial toxins, deliver plasma proteins and leukocytes to the site and carry away waste matter
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ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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Less than two weeks, VERY high number of leukocytes mostly neutrophils and plasma proteins. Casuses a LEFT SHIFT
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CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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Lasts two weeks or more. less intense than acute response, (lymphocytes and monocytes) mostly MONOCYTES
May formulate a benign granuloma tumor |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 PLASMA PROTEIN SYSTEMS THAT MEDIATE INFLAMMATION
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1) complement system
2) clotting system 3) Kinin system |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO KEY FACTORS OF WHY COMPLEMENT SO IMPORTANT
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1) once activated it's components participate in virtually every inflammatory response and activate the immune system
2) The last few proteins in the complement cascade are capable of killing the microorganisms directly |
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WHAT DOES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM CONSIST OF?
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20 plasma proteins, 11 we care about
C1 - C9 B AND D can be activated following two pathways |
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OPSONIZATION
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rendering of bacteria and other foreign substances subject to phagocytosis
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CLASSICAL PATHWAY
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activated when an antibody/antigen complex containing IgG or IgM interacts with the first component of the complement cascade C1 and also by products released by invading bacteria or components from other systems
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C4 AND C2
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2nd step --> Activate mast cells and basophils
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C3
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Opsonization of bacteria, and activation of mast cells and basophils
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C5B AND C5A
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chemotaxis of white blood cells
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C6, C7, C8, AND C9
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lysis of the cells
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ACTIVATION OF C2-C5
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potent activators of the acute inflammatory response (vasod., smooth muscle relax, increased vasc. permeability, and release of histamine)
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WHY IS THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM NON SPECIFIC
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Even though it starts with a antigen antibody complex it mediates a non specfic event - inflammation
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WHAT IS THE KININ SYSTEM
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Third plasma protein
First component Bradykinin and at low doses causes 1) dilation of blood vessels, 2) induces pain (prostaglandins), 3) causes extravascular smooth muscle contraction, 4) increase vascular permeability 5) may increase leukocyte chemotaxis *** This induced smooth muscle contraction is slower than histamine |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
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1) Cell mediated type (Tcells)
2) humoral type (B cells) |
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CELL MEDIATED TYPE OF IMMUNE RESPONSE?
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Special T cells act against antigens directly and regulate activation and proliferation of macrophages.
MOST effective against BACTERIA AND VIRUSES within phagocytic or infected host cells. (fungi, protozoa,and helminths) |
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IMPORTANT THINGS ABOUT T CELLS
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Don't phagocytize, produced in the thymus, specific, and is a system mounting defense against foreign tissues (transplant graft rejection) and responsible for killing cancer cells
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE HUMORAL TYPE OF IMMUNE RESPONSE?
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Involves the prod of B lymphocytes (now transformed into PLASMA CELLS) which act against foreign organisms and substances. Primarily against BACTERIA, BACTERIAL TOXINS, AND VIRUSES CIRCULATING FREELY IN THE BODY FLUIDS.)
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DIFFERENCE IN T CELL AND B CELL ACTION AGAINST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
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T cells act against bacteria WITHIN phagocytic or host cells and B Lymphocytes act against bacteria floating in body fluids
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WHAT IS PHAGOCYTOSIS A FUNCTION OF
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Leukocytes and granulocytes
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WHAT DO B LYMPHOCYTES DO?
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there to make antibodies that are specific proteins that bond and activate antigens, but once they start to secrete the antibodies they are PLASMA CELLS.
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WHAT IS NATURAL IMMUNITY?
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Genetic, protects against diseases that affect other species.
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WHAT IS NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?
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1) Active- you have an infection from being in contact with a pathogen and your immune system makes the immunity
2) Passive- antibodies that pass from mother via placenta or milk (only lasts until infant's own immune system develops) |
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WAHT IS ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?
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1) Active - vaccine or dead or attenuated pathogens
2) Passive - ingection of immune serum (gamma globulin) immediate but short term. (antibodies from person or animal that is already immune) |
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WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES?
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Soluble proteins known as immunoglobulins. They are made in response to specific antigen which it can recognize and bind to.
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IMMUNOGLOBINS
IgG |
80% of all antibodies in the SERUM. ** Maternal IgG--> passive immunity to the newborn.
Protects against circulating bacteria, viruses, and toxins. **triggers the complement system and when bound to antigens enhances the effectiveness of phagocytic cells |
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IgM
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5-10% of all antibodies in the SERUM. The predominant type involved in the response to the ABO blood group antigens.
**Also effective in reactions involving complement and enhance the ingestion of targest cells by phagocytic cells |
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IgA
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10-15% of antibodies in the SERUM. ***It's the most common in mucous membranes and body secretions (mucous, saliva, tears, breast milk) so MOST ABUNDANT IN THE BODY.
Importance in resistance of resp pathogens. short lived in colustrum helps protect infants against GI infections |
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IgD
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0.2% of all antibodies in the SERUM.
No known function in the serum. Acts as antigen receptor on the surface of B cells. |
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IgE
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0.002% of all antibodies in the serum.
Binds tightly to receptors on mast cells and basophils (specialized cells participating in allergic reactions) |
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WHAT IS COMPOSED OF THE PRIMARY RESPONSE?
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First exposure to an antigen IgM is produced first and then IgG. Dominant IgM low IgG.
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WHAT IS COMPOSED OF SECONDARY RESPONSE?
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Will trigger faster and more intense response. (memory, anamnestic response)
****Amount of IgM is the same as before but increase amounts of IgG predominate. |
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WHAT ARE ALLERGIES?
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Exxagerated response against environmental antigens.
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WHAT IS AUTOIMMUNITY?
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misdirected against the host's own cells
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WHAT IS ISOIMMUNITY?
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Against beneficial foreign tissues (transfusion or transplant)
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WHAT IS IMMUNE DEFICIENCY?
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Immunity that is insufficient for protection.
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THINGS THAT SUPRESS THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.
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EXOGENOUS- trauma, radiation, drugs, disease, pollution
ENDOGENOUS - age, sex, nutrition, genetic background, reproductive status |
