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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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"conservation of energy and matter... essentially states that tyou cannot get something for nothing." (25)
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What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
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"the tendency towards disorder that is part of the normal nature of things. ENTROPY...not only can't you get something for nothing, you can't even break even due to unavoidable losses (disorder) that contribute to increased entropy." (25)
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Does the construction and maintenance of buildings increase or decrease entropy?
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Decrease. "Maintaining building materials and systems over time against forces of nature requires additional inputs of energy and materials. Buildings are inherently antientropic." (26)
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What are RENEWABLE resources?
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RENEWABLE resources are "those that are available indefinitely but are generally diffuse and arrive at a rate controlled by nature." (27)
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What are NONRENEWABLE resources?
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NONRENEWABLE resources are "those that, once exhausted, cannot be replaced in a time frame that is meaningful to the human race." (27)
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Why are buildings designed today likely to rely heavily on electricity?
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Buildings designed today are likely to rely heavily on electricity because:
1. "...for some primary energy sources (such as coal, heavy fuel oil, or nuclear), generation of electricity for subsequent (secondary) distribution to buildings is the only convenient option... 2) Other than daylighting, electricity is the only source for building illumination... 3) Electricity is a convenient and versatile energy form..." (29) |
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What portion of thermally generated electricity actually reaches the end user?
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"Electricity generated by thermal processes...delivers to the end user less than one-third of the total energy that goes into its production." (29)
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In 2000, what percentage of fresh and saline water withdrawals were used in conjunction with thermoelectric power generation in the US?
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"About half of all U.S. fresh and saline water withdrawals in 2000 were used in conjunction with thermoelectric power generation." (31)
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What is the largest use of fresh water?
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"Irrigation remains the largest use of freshwater." (31)
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What is the only renewable construction material currently in wide use in North America?
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WOOD "is the only renewable construction material currently in wide use in North America". (32)
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What materials are most commonly used in mechanical and electrical systems and are they renewable?
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"Nonrenewable materials are by far the most commonly used ... in mechanical and electrical systems; metals and plastics predominate." (33)
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"What are the key materials issues for the design team to consider?"
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The key materials issues for the design team to consider are:
a) embodied energy b) recycled or virgin material (33) |
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What is EMBODIED ENERGY?
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EMBODIED ENERGY is "how much energy must be invested to mine/harvest/produce, fabricate, and transport a unit of building material." (33)
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What limits the recovery of usable materials from demolition?
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"...the recovery of usable materials from demolition is limited because the cost of labor is high and the cost of energy and new products is relatively low." (36)
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What are some construction recycling opportunities?
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"Construction recycling opportunities include
crushed wallboard as replacement for lime in agriculture, carpet ground up for attic insulation, plate glass crushed for use in glass fiber insulation, pulverized wood as a composting aid at sewage sludge treatment facilities" (36) |
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What are some building materials now being made from recycled materials?
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Some building materials now being made from recycled materials:
"reinforcing bars from ferrous scrap metal' cellulose insulation from newsprint; parking lot bumper strips, fence posts and park benches from recycled plastics; and nonstructural concrete from incinerator ash... plastic yogurt containers complete with scraps of aluminum foil are made into a terrazzo-like floor tile." (36) |
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What are the design challenges posed by future usage and energy supplies?
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The design challenges posed by future changes in building usage and energy supplies are:
a) "Design for Building Recycling. b) Design for Energy Transition c) Design for the information age d) design for transportation |
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What are some initial guidelines for recyclable buildings?
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"Some initial guidelines for recyclable buildings are as follows:
1. Design the structure to be separable from everything else and to be easily disassembled... 2. Design for "breathing room" where possible; between a building and its neighbors or between major spaces within a building... 3. Maximize the utilization of on-site (natural) forces such as sun and wind... 4. Use materials and components distinctly: avoid combinations that make recycling of these elements difficult." (37) |
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What are the challenges of designing for energy transition?
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The challenges of designing for energy transition are:
"1. To design buildings not only to save energy, but also so that they can eventually be weaned away from dependence on nonrenewable fuels... 2. To use energy wisely; to expect only a fair share of locally available renewable fuels, recognizing that such resources are limited even though they are continuously available..." (37) |
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With the advent of smart houses, intelligent buildings and smart appliances, what is now possible?
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"With the advent of smart houses, intelligent buildings and smart appliances, it is now possible to regulate an array of builing systems collectively and across great distances to optimize performance and minimize resource consumption." (38)
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What is ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT?
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ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTs are "a concept...that plot the gross resource demands of a geographic area as a footprint on the planet... If the footprint is larger than the geographic boundaries of the area in question, then the area is stepping on someone else's environmental toes..." (40)
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