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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why were the first maps of the oceans made?
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To promote commerce and trade
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Why were the first maps of the oceans made?
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To promote commerce and trade
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Why were the first maps of the oceans made?
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To promote commerce and trade
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Why were the first maps of the oceans made?
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To promote commerce and trade
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Where was the first systematic study of the ocean basins begun?
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In the Egyptian City of Alexandria with the Great Library of Alexander
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Who first determined the correct circumference of the earth?
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Eratosthenes of Cyrene, the Librarian of Alexandria
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What island was not an end point to the Pacific migrations of primitive people?
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Philippines Island
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What does a Stick Chart represent that was used by early Polynesians to navigate?
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direction of wave trains to help locate islands
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Where did the Vikings NOT explore during their voyages of exploration and plunder?
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Around the Cape of Good Hope South Africa and into the Indian Ocean
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What advances in ship design did Chinese mariners make during the Ming Dynasty that was later adopted by theEuropeans to make longer ocean voyages?
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central rudder
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How did the Portuguese solve the problems of navigation on long voyages?
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Log books call “rudders” that kept a journal as a set of directions
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Why did Columbus incorrectly assume that he had found India or Japan and not the “New World” when he sightedland in 1492?
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He incorrectly used Ptolemy’s estimate for the circumference of the earth
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How was Cook able to make accurate maps of the oceans and islands?
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He had refined telescopes to observe the moons of Jupiter
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Where did the HMS Challenger expedition explore in 1872 to 1876?
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All the World’s oceans
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Who was the world’s first oceanographer that systematically studied the ocean compiling ship logs to determinecurrents and wind directions?
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Matthew Maury
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Who explored the North Polar Ice Cap and later won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with WW1 refugees, healso invented a reversing water sampling bottle that bears his name..
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Fridtjof Nansen
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How was the ocean floor topography first mapped?
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Precision Depth Recorder (PDR)
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What drove funding and technological advances in Marine Sciences after 1900?
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Military applications and National Defense
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Where are the greatest scientific advances being made today in the fields of oceanography and marine sciences?
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Robotic vehicles and satellite oceanography with remote sensing
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The earth is a water world, other than salt water in the ocean, where is most of the global freshwater found?
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Glaciers and permafrost
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According to the Scientific Method, what is the last stage of a scientific idea in the logical process ofdevelopment?
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Scientific Law
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How old is the universe (when was the big bang)?
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15 bya
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Our sun is a medium size yellow star, how much longer will it remain a star before it runs out of hydrogen fuel?
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5 by in the future
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How did the earth’s moon form?
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Large impact event early in the history of the earth
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How was the young earth different from the present day earth?
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No oxygen in the atmosphere, the earth was anaerobic
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What was the likely source of organic carbon compounds that were abundant in the early oceans prior to theevolution of life?
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Asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust that bombarded the early earth atmosphere
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Which of the following planets have active plate tectonics today (earthquakes, marsquakes, etc)?
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Earth
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What is the difference between primitive early prokaryote bacteria and eukaryotes that greatly increased the rateof evolution and led to the diversity of life we see today on earth?
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Eukaryotes can reproduce sexually, while prokaryotes only reproduce asexually
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What planet or moon was the origin of the Allen Hills Meteorite that contain bacteria like fossils which suggeststhat life first appeared in our solar system in another location other than earth?
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Mars
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Where was the first Prime Meridian (0o Longitude) that is now in defined as Greenwich, England?
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Alexandria, Egypt
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How do we know the inner structure of the earth?
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seismic wave propagation through rock layers that have different densities
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Who proposed the theory of Continental Drift that was eventually explained by Sea Floor Spreading?
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Alfred Wegener
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Why are continents not recycled over time like oceanic floor basalts?
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continents are less dense and higher in elevation, and therefore over ride the ocean floor plates
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What type of seismically produced wave does not give us information about the earth interior?
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Surface waves
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Why does the earth have a magnetic field?
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The inner core is solid, outer core is liquid and they rotate at different speeds
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What piece of evidence that supports Plate Tectonics did Wegner not have before he died?
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Paleo-magnetic anomaly pattern on the ocean floor
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What happens when two continents collide?
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Orogeny occurs with the building of a mountain belt
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How was the age of the earth accurately determined?
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Radioactive dating of rocks
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As sea level rises, what type of margin will see the largest displacement of the land/water boundary (beach)?
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passive margin (Atlantic)
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What two properties are useful in paleo-magnetics to determine the paleo-positions of continents?
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paleo-dip and paleo-direction
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Where are oceanic plates destroyed on the earth surface?
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Marine trenches
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What can the Paleo-magnetic Anomaly Pattern on the ocean floor be used for?
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To determine the past movement of continents
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Where are the thickest sediments found in the ocean?
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On the Continental Rise adjacent to the shelf and slope
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If you are in a submarine that is moving from the north to the south along the thick grey arrow over the BlancoFracture zone in the figure above, which side of the transform fault is higher?
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south side
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Where was the ancient Tethys seaway located?
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equatorial seaway
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Where are the widest continental shelves found?
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the Arctic
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In the ocean, fracture zones are?
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fall along great circle arcs and spread for 1000’s of km away from the MOR
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The Japan Trench is what type of plate boundary?
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destructive
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The San Andreas Fault is what type of plate boundary?
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transform or shear
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In the late Paleozoic all the continents were assembled into Pangea, what was the name of the global ocean?
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Panthelassa
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How do submarine canyons form and grow?
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sediment transport and erosion
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What type of boundary is found off the North Carolina coastal area?
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Passive margin
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Which of the following Ocean Basins is the least known and explored?
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Arctic Ocean
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The west coast of the US has several different terrains that have accumulated on the continental margin overtime, what is the significance of these terrains in terms of plate tectonics?
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The continents are permanent and do not recycle, collisions add on to the continental margins over time
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The Mid Atlantic Ridge has much steeper sides than the East Pacific Rise, since we know that there is a constantage-depth relationship between the age and the depth of the ocean floor, which ridge is spreading faster?
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East Pacific Rise
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Why are andesite volcanos on continental margin more explosive than island arc volcanos on oceanic plates?
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Continental andesite volcanos have more silica in the extruded lavas and are more explosive
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What is the hypsographic curve?
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plot showing the amount of the earth’s surface at different elevations
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What happens when an oceanic plate collides with continent?
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The oceanic plate is subducted and over-ridden by the continental plate
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Hotspots produce island chains like the Hawaiian Islands, name another island produced by a hot spot?
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Iceland
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The ocean makes up 70.8% of the earth’s surface, which ocean feature is the largest on earth?
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The Ocean Basin Floor
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What is the largest volcano in the Solar System?
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Olympus Mons, Mars
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Sediments on the abyssal plains are very flat and have graded beds with the sediments that get finer on the top ofthe bed. These deposits were formed by:
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Turbidity currents moving down the continental slope and rise out on the abyssal plain
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Where is the oldest ocean floor located?
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The Pacific
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How was the Titanic found on the ocean floor?
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Towed magnetometer found the boilers that spilled out when the ship broke apart
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Why is the continental shelf off of Texas and Louisiana pockmarked with multiple depressions?
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Salt domes under the sediments dissolve leaving depressions in the surface
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What areas of the ocean floor have the smallest change in elevation?
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deep sea abyssal plain muds
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What marine ecosystem is most at risk from the current episode of global warming?
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coral reefs
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Who is the author of your text book?
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Garrison
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Ocean sediments have recorded past climates of earth, how have scientists determined thisrecord of past climate change?
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Oxygen isotopes in calcareous plankton fossils in marine sediment coresreveal temperature
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Deep ocean red clays were a possible location for what activity?
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Storage of high level radioactive waste
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Which ocean basin as the most abundant carbonate sediments?
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Atlantic
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What is the best method to sample ocean sediments for climate studies?
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Drill Ship HPC cores
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What is the most common biogenous sediment in the ocean?
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carbonate shells and hard parts
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Tektites are composed primarily of ______ sediments?
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cosmogenic
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What type of sediments is found in the southern ocean around Antarctica?
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Glacial Marine Sediments
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Where are marine sediments that have graded bedding found?
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Continental rise and Abyssal Plains
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What type of plankton is made out of silica and is a plant?
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diatom
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What type of plankton is made out of carbonate and is an animal?
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foraminifera
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What two characteristics are used to classify sediments?
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Diameter and mineral composition
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What carbonate chemical species is stable in normal ocean water pH (pH ~ 8)?
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bicarbonate HCO3-
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What is the pH of household ammonia?
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11
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What is the CCD?
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Calcite Compensation Depth
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Why is the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans not effectively buffered in theoceans today?
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carbonate sediments are not in contact with surface water, the ocean turnover time is 1000 yrs while Atm CO2 concentrations are increasing on a decades time scale
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What drives the hyrological cycle?
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excess evaporation over the oceans, excess precipitation over the continents, andcontinental runoff
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Water is a good solvent because of what property?
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polar molecule
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Why are the major ions constituents that make up the salt in the ocean in constant proportions no matter what the salinity content?
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the residence time of the major ions is relatively long compared to the mixing times
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Temperature and salinity measurements are used to determine what important characteristicof the ocean?
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temperature and salinity determine density and affect patterns of water circulation
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Why does ice (solid) float on water (liquid)?
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The solid molecular lattice structure in ice is ridged and expands compared to theliquid lattice structure in water
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How many calories do you have to add to one gram of ice at -20oC to produce one gram ofsteam at 100oC? (Remember the heat capacity of water is 1 cal/gm/oC, but ice is only 0.5cal/gm/oC)
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730 cal
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When air masses are cooled and they descend and form high pressure zones, what is thedirection of air movement?
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circular & anti-cyclonic or clockwise
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What color of visible light is adsorbed first in clear ocean waters?
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red
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What depth in the ocean is the SOFAR channel found (depth of the minimum sound velocityzone)?
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1 km
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What area of the ocean is the most un-stratified, and where deep waters are formed anddescend to the ocean bottom?
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High latitude Polar Oceans
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Norfolk VA and San Francisco CA are the same latitude, which city has a more moderateclimate (less temperature variation)? Remember the wind tends to flow from west to east at thislatitude
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San Francisco weather is more moderate
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What characteristic of water controls ocean circulation and water movement?
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Density
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What type of atmospheric circulation occurs in a high latitudes (polar)?
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Cold dry air sinks
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Where does the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) move the most (north/south)during the course of a year and produce large rainfall events (monsoons)?
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The Indian Ocean
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What is a La Nina condition (the opposite of El Nino)?
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a period of strong equatorial upwelling and strong circulation - cold climate
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What type of weather does North Carolina have during an El Nino year?
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cooler and wetter
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Going from the surface to deep water, the halocline is a zone of rapidly ___________between the upper surface and deep water masses
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increasing salinity
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Conservative water mass properties (Cl concentration) are only effected by
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mixing and diffusion
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What moving object does Coriolis Effect not influence (greatly)?
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automobile
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Where in the ocean is the highest concentration of anthropogenic CO2 gas found?
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cold sinking deep waters in the North Atlantic
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If the average velocity of sound in the ocean is 1500 m/sec and a sonar ping takes 4 seconds to return to the hydrophone, how deep is the water?
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3,000 meters
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Why does oxygen have a minimum concentration in the thermocline at 1000 m water depth?
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bacterial respiration
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When is the direct (perpendicular) solar radiation at the most northern point on the globe?
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Summer solstice
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What quadrant of a hurricane (tropical cyclone) has the largest waves and highest stormsurge in the northern hemisphere?
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north eastern quadrant
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Why do hurricanes typically intensify as they approach the east coast of the USA?
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Pickup energy from the warm Gulf Stream
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Where do monsoons occur?
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all of the above
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Which type of front has gentle rains over a broad area?
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warm front
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As Sea Surface Temperature continues to increase, what do we expect will happen withtropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons)?
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Destructive power of storms will increase
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Since the 1975 the warm El Nino periods have
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increased in number and intensity
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Ocean pH is buffered and stays constant over long time scales even though acids fromvolcanos, rain and pollution regularly enter the ocean, what buffers ocean pH over long timescales?
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bicarbonate in the water, calcium carbonate on the ocean floor
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Why was Katrina so destructive to New Orleans in 2005?
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flood levees broke that increased the amount of flooding in the city
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What factor controls the power of tropical cyclones?
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sea surface temperature
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Hurricane Floyd in North Carolina will be remembered for what type of damage?
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extensive flooding along I95 corridor
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What fossil fuel energy source may dominate in the next century?
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methane gas hydrates
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Sediments record warmer periods during the past 68 million years than the present, what isthought to been the main control on climate since the KT boundary?
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atmospheric CO2 concentrations
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When atmospheric CO2 is absorbed into ocean waters, how does the water change?
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Ocean pH decreases
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How high do wind velocities need to be to form a hurricane in a tropical cyclonic storm?
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74 mph
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Where do the largest tropical cyclones form?
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Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean
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What time of year does the ITCZ move north and form the southwest monsoons in Africaand India that are so devastating to the local populations and cause flooding?
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July
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What important discover was recently made on Mars that is also featured in a movie thatopens this week starring Matt Damon?
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There is water on Mars
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What is an ooze that is found in deep sea sediments?
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Organic accumulation of marine plankton hard parts on the ocean floor
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What is the significance to dust blowing off the land and settling in the ocean surfacewaters?
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Iron fertilization of the oceans and increased primary productivity
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Where are the thinnest accumulation of sediments found in the oceans?
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Mid ocean ridges
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What type of sediment is associated with icebergs?
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ice rafted debris IRD
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How can the energy of the marine environment be determined from sediments?
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Diameter of sedimentary particles
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What type of marine sediment are the white cliffs of Dover made out of?
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Biogenous calcareous Coccolith sediments
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During the late Paleocene there was an abrupt warming of global climate of 4-8oC, whatcaused this change in climate that lasted about 100,000 years?
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Collapse of the methane clathrates on the Blake Outer Ridge
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Why haven’t the rich deposits of Manganese Nodules be recovered from the deep PacificOcean floor?
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No Law of the Sea Treaty has been signed by the participatory nations
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When does the land breeze occur?
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During the night
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What causes the Coriolis Effect to change the motion of moving objects on our planet?
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The rotation of the earth and angular rotation velocity differences equator to pole
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What drives the water circulation in the global ocean?
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Unequal solar heating of the equator versus the poles
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways that heat is transferred in the global climate system?
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Jet stream
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What type of circulation pattern is found in North Atlantic surface waters?
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Down welling and deep water formation
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Why is there gyre circulation in the global ocean surface waters?
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basin boundary conditions limit east/west migration
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Equatorial (0o) surface currents are wind driven and flow towards?
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the west
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What is the warm western boundary current in the North Pacific gyre?
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Kurashiro
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Geostrophic currents balance two forces to create currents that flow along topographic contour lines around theraised center of the ocean gyres, which force drives the currents uphill away from the pressure gradient?
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Coriolis
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When the wind blows over water in the southern hemisphere, which way does the water move on average?
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At a 90oleft angle to the downstream direction of the wind
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Which side of the ocean gyres is intensified by the Coriolis Effect?
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West
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Gyre circulation has calm centers, what is found in the middle of the gyres today?
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Plastic garbage accumulates in the center of the gyres
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The raised central portion of oceanic gyres is offset to the west in the northern hemisphere, and is most accuratelymeasured by?
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Satellites
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Wind blowing from the south along the Peru/Chile ocean boundary creates?
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upwelling currents
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What is the unusual feature of surface ocean circulation in the North Indian Ocean?
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currents reverse seasonally
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Where is upwelling NOT found in the global oceans?
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Central portions of the gyres
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Which of the following Climate Oscillations is associated with decreased hurricane activity in the tropicalAtlantic?
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El Nino
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Which of the following physical characteristic is not useful in classifying waves?
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Wave Height
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What term describes the distance from wave trough to wave trough?
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wave length
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At what depth does the orbital motion of waves cease to exist (Deep Water)? (L= wave length, D= water depth)
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D is = L/2
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What type of wave has the most amount of energy in the global oceans?
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Surface wind waves
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What is the restoring force of wind waves that move over the water surface?
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gravity
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What does NOT determine the how large wave size becomes during a storm at sea?
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wind direction
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Why does a “sea” change to a “swell” as the wave train moves out from a stormy area?
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wave speed is related to L
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When a wave crests and a wave trough are superimposed on each other, this is called ___________?
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destructive interference
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What ocean climate condition produces drought in Australia?
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El Nino
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Where are the largest waves in the ocean formed?
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Southern Ocean
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As waves approach the beach, where is the energy from the waves focused (where are the largest waves found)?
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shallow water around headlands
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When waves come into shallow water what DON’T they do?
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wave length increases, i.e. wave crest become farther apart
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What is wave refraction?
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Wave train direction bends as it approaches the beach
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What is a rogue wave (that sinks ships)?
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constructive inference wind wave
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What happens at “The Wedge” at Newport Beach CA that makes this a great spot to body surf?
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Wave Reflection
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What type of waves are produced from large wind waves breaking on steep beaches that are deadly for waders?
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surging
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What area of the beach is affected by the largest storm waves and storm surge?
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offshore
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What wave process causes tsunami’s to wrap around islands and cause destruction on the opposite side of an island?
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wave diffraction
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Which quadrant of a hurricane has the largest storm surge in the Northern Hemisphere?
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NE
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What was the most deadly hurricane/storm surge of all time for the USA mainland?
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Great Galveston Hurricane 1900
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How much longer is the lunar day compared to the solar day?
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50 minutes
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How long is a lunar month?
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29.5 Days
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What are Tidal Amphidromic points in the ocean?
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minimum tidal range
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How fast do Tsunami wave travel across the deep ocean basins?
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750 mph
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What ocean basin has the most Amphidromic points (complex tides)
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Pacific
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When do spring tides occur?
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the sun and moon are in line (conjunction)
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What type of tides does the East Coast of the United States have?
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Semidiurnal
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What type of tides are found in Tahiti?
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Solar tides only
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Cheasapeak Bay on the East Coast of the USA is an example of a __________.
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drown river valley
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Which area has the maximum tidal range?
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Bay of Fundy
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Grunion (fish) and turtles (reptiles) hatch eggs during which tide?
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Rising High Spring Tides
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What is a tidal bore?
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Large standing wave produced in a river as the tide rises
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What type of beach material is most commonly found in Florida USA?
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biogenic carbonate grains
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Where is the largest tidal power installation found in the oceans today?
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Lake Shiwa, South Korea
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When is the best time to enter a harbor in a large ship?
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flood tide
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Which of the following coasts has been shaped by terrestrial properties?
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Cape Cod
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18000 years ago sea level reached a low level due to glacial growth, how much lower was sea level at this time?
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-400 feet
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Why are the sand dunes on Barrier Islands susceptible to erosion in storms?
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Human alteration of back beach areas by development of roads and houses
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The sea stacks at Port Campbell National Park Australia are formed by what type of processes?
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Erosional
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Why do inlets migrate on barrier islands?
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longshore currents deposition & erosion
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What is a sand bar called that does not connect to the beach at either end of the island?
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Barrier Island
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Tomales Bay in northern California is a long straight estuary and is formed by what type of processes?
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Tectonic
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Which of the following does NOT control the shape of deltas?
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Longitude of the River
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Estuaries are influenced by all of the following except which feature?
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Direction of River Flow
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Why is the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay saltier than the eastern portions?
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Coriolis force
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What process has resulted in the most loss of wetlands in North Carolina?
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Urban development and building of parking lots and housing sub-divisions
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What is a reverse estuary (common on the Texas coastline in the summer)?
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Salinity pattern is reversed with the highest salinities at the head of the estuary
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Which of the following solutions to coastline erosion has been used in North Carolina?
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Beach replenishment, sand bags
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Where is the largest coastal anoxic/hypoxic zone found that is persistent all year long?
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Baltic Sea, Northern Europe
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What type of coastal swamps are found in Florida?
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Mangrove Swamp
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The loss of ice in the arctic is having a dramatic effect on Arctic, North Pacific and North AtlanticEcosystems, what species will likely suffer reduced populations because of this change?
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Polar bears and seals
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As oceanic CO2 concentrations increase, what happens to oceanic pH?
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decreases
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Eutrophication and cloudy waters in the Pacific Ocean off Japan has increased populations of what?
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Jellyfish
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What ecosystem on earth has the highest net primary productivity?
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Coral Reef
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Living cells consume energy that results in ________ order in their cells in opposition to thesecond law of thermodynamics?
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increased
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SeaWIFS is a satellite that can detect chlorophyll in ocean surface waters, where are the highest valueschlorophyll concentrations found in the ocean?
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high northern latitudes
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What is the difference between marine primary production and terrestrial primary production?
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The average size of primary producers in the ocean are small compared to land primary producers
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Humans have disturbed the carbon cycle on earth, what active reservoir of carbon on the surfaceof the earth is most affected by the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere?
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Dissolved bicarbonate inorganic reservoir in the ocean
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Diversity in the ocean is important for healthy ecosystems, what is true about diversity?
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Diversity decrease with Ocean Acidification
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Where is most of the oxygen in our atmosphere produced?
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Oceanic autotrophic plankton
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Besides light, what is the limiting factor to Primary Production in the Southern Oceans?
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Iron
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Which of the following organisms is not an example of convergent evolution?
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Squid (Mollusca)
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What type of the animals do Sperm Whales feed on in the deep ocean?
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giant squid
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Why do fish school?
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predator avoidance
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What replaces kelp beds along the shores of tropical oceans?
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mangrove trees
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Why are Red tides and HABs (Harmful Algae Bloom) dangerous to marine and human communities?
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nutrient loving dinoflagellates have toxins to prevent and limit fish predation
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Where is the largest unexploited hydrocarbon reservoir on Earth today?
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Arctic Ocean Shelves
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Measuring primary production in ocean waters uses light and dark bottle comparison, what does thelight bottle measure?
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gross primary production
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Why have sharks developed specialized pectoral and tail (heterocercal) fins?
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Gives the fish extra lift while swimming, they have no swim bladder
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What type of tail do the fastest groups of fish have?
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lunate
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What is “bycatch” in commercial fishing?
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Animals killed while collecting the target species
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What is the function of the barreleye Fish (Macropinna) translucent head that lives in thedisphotic zone?
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Detect bioluminescent prey
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How do tuna regulate their body temperatures?
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Swim continuously fast to elevate body temp
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Why does the flying fish “fly” out of the water, especially around large fast moving ships.
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Avoiding predators by going airborne
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Why do whales migrate such long distances
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Predator avoidance for new-born calves
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One of the largest sharks in the ocean is the whale shark, what does this species eat?
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plankton
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What is the deepest diving whale in the oceans today?
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Sperm whale
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What is echolocation that is used by marine mammals underwater?
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Sharp clicks and sounds that bounce off of prey species
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What group of marine mammals do the Killer Whales belong to?
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Odontoceti (Cetacea)
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How do whales and dolphins vocalize underwater?
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Blowhole, trachea, and nasal passages
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Of the four groups of sea birds, which group is being affected by the loss of sea ice in the southernhemisphere?
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penguins
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What are the most successful of the marine reptiles?
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Sea turtles
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What is potentially the most valuable resource in the marine environment is:
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sand and gravel
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Why have sea lions and several species of seal populations declined in the North Pacific over the past 40years?
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whale population decline causes killer whales to hunt smaller prey
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What is the dominate food source in sandy beach communities?
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Broken bits of marcro algae (Kelp)
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What limits coral growth on different parts of healthy reefs?
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light
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Where is the largest number and greatest diversity of coral species found?
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Western Tropical Pacific
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What was the difference between the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and previous oil spills?
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A significant amount of oil was released mid-water column that dispersed in the opposite directionfrom the surface slick
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The Exon Valdez oil spill was made worse by subsequent cleanup efforts in Prince William Sound?
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True
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Which fishery is the largest in the world in terms of live catch harvested?
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Northwest Pacific
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What nation is the largest harvester of fish, crustaceans and mollusks?
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China
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What group of fish has to drink large amounts of water yet produces only a small amount of urine?
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Cods, hake, haddock
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Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and ice to melt in the Arctic Ocean at an increasingrate, what will be the largest impact of this on ocean resources?
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New ship transportation routes through the northwest passage in the CanadianArctic
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What new source of pollution has increased the size of the “garbage patches” in the PacificOcean?
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tsunami debris from Japan
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What one of the following is potentially the most serious consequences of global warming toshelled organism and coral reefs?
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Ocean Acidification and dissolution of CO2 into the ocean surface waters
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Melting of which ice cap will produce the largest sea level increase?
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East Antarctic Ice Sheet
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Where is the global warming most acute during the present time?
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High Latitude Northern Hemisphere
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Where is there a new source of methane and CO2 that is a direct result of global warming?
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methane clathrates in high Northern latitude tundra areas and on continental shelves
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Scientist suggest that we need to keep the CO2 increase in the atmosphere below 2X normal levels,what will change irreversibly if CO2 atm goes over 2X normal levels?
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ocean circulation will stop the global conveyor shallow/deep water turnover circulation
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How long have Humans affected global climate?
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6000-8000 years (development of agriculture and domestication of animals)
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