Mdcm 602-Medicinal Biochem. Ii-Test 2

Front 1

name products, reactants, enzymes, and # of carbons.

Back 1

answer

Front 2

no. of carbons, enzymes, reactants, byproduct.

Back 2

answer

Front 3

number of carbons, enzymes, name, in&out.

Back 3

answer

Front 4

Cholesterol mimic present in fungi(1). Most antifungal agents inhibit __(1). (Most end in __(2))

Back 4

(1) ergosterol
(2) azole

Front 5

Used in bacteria as cholesterol mimics

Back 5

Hopanoids

Front 6

__(1) binds to receptor and induces expression of __(2). calcium useless without (1).

Back 6

(1) Vitamin D
(2) calcium binding protein

Front 7

# carbons

Back 7

answer

Front 8

__(1) and __(2) solubilize cholesterol and aid the reabsorption of Vitamin __(3) from the __(4).

Back 8

(1) Bile Salts
(2) Phospholipids
(3) D
(4) intestine

Front 9

process by which bile salts(stored in gallbladder) are secreted into the intestines and are then reabsorbed with dietary lipids. Occurs 6-12 times daily

Back 9

Enterohepatic circulation

Front 10

number of carbons and name.

Back 10

answer

Front 11

True/False
Blood contains lipids at concentration far above their solubility in water

Back 11

True

Front 12

Lipids are kept in solution by their incorporation into spherical particles called__(1). The polar head groups of phospho- and sphingolipids are arrayed at the surface and very hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol __(2) are buried into the hydrophobic region of the (1).

Back 12

(1) lipoproteins
(2) esters

Front 13

HDL-contains HIGH levels of __(1) and low levels of __(2) and is responsible for transporting excess __(3) to the __(4) for further metabolism to __(5).

Back 13

(1) cholesterol
(2) triacylglycerol
(3) cholesterol
(4) liver
(5) bile salts

Front 14

bile salts are needed for what?

Back 14

needed to digest fats

Front 15

LDL - Responsible for transporting __(1), __(2), and __(3) from one __(4) to another. A second major role is the regulation of __(5) biosynthesis.

Back 15

(1) cholesterol
(2) cholesterol esters
(3) triacylglyerols
(4) tissue
(5) cholesterol

Front 16

__(1) regulates cholesterol biosynthesis by passing through the liver, which recognizes the amount of __(2) present in the __(1) and determines whether __(2) needs to be synthesized by regulating the rate determining step in __(2) biosynthesis, __(3).

Back 16

(1) LDL
(2) cholesterol
(3) HMG CoA reductase

Front 17

Weighs heavily towards sequesteration in the cell membrane

Back 17

Cholesterol

Front 18

What is CETP and what does it do and where does it bind?

Back 18

Cholesterol ester transfer protein - bound to HDL and is responsible for the xfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL.

Front 19

__(1) on cholesterol can become esterified and becomes part of the __(2) area. Once ester is formed it is embedded it never comes out. But cholesterol has a diffusion coefficient(99.9% in the membrane)

Back 19

(1)Alcohol
(2) hydrophobic

Front 20

__(1) has LDL receptors to endocytize LDL(which has all the cholesterol clusters). Once inside (enzyme(2) hydrolyze __(3) to form free __(4)

Back 20

(1) LIVER
(2) cholesterol esterase
(3) esters
(4) cholesterol

Front 21

People with low LDL receptors have too much__(1). this is why some people have __(2)

Back 21

(1) HMG-CoA reductase.
(2) Hypercholestoremia

Front 22

Slowest step in cholesterol biosynthesis

Back 22

HMG-CoA reductase

Front 23

1. What is the sex hormone is females? What does it do?
2. Sex hormone in males? What is it coverted to and what does it do?

Back 23

1. Progesterone(females) is responsible for maintaining the uterine endometrium and is a differentiation factor for mammary glands.
2. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotesterone and is responsible for the production of sperm proteins and secondary sex characteristics.

Front 24

what does 17β-estradiol(females) do?

Back 24

In females this hormone regulates the ovarian cycle and has similar effects as progesterone.

Front 25

what does 17β-estradiol(males) do?

Back 25

In males this hormone is a negative feedback inhibitor of Leydig cell synthesis of testosterone.

Front 26

Name the two classes of steroid hormones

Back 26

1. sex and progestational hormones
2. adrenal hormones

Front 27

draw and number cholesterol

Back 27

answer

Front 28

Sex and Progestational Hormones:
Draw Progesterone, Testosterone, and 17β-estradiol

Back 28

Front 29

How many carbons in: estrogens(1), Androgens(2), and progestational and adrenal steroids(3)?

Back 29

(1) 18
(2) 19
(3) 21

Front 30

this hormone is different because it has no methyl group at C10(aromaticity possible and planarity)

Back 30

17β-estradiol

Front 31

What is Cortisol and what does it do?

Back 31

It is a stress hormone that elevates liver glycogen, elevates high blood pressure, has a killing effect on some T-cells and effects sodium uptake.

Front 32

What does Aldosterone do?

Back 32

Causes sodium uptake and occurs at high levels during stress. It too raises blood pressure and also increases fluid volume.

Front 33

ADRENAL steroids: Draw them

Back 33

Front 34

Estradiol binds at which Carbon?

Back 34

C17

Front 35

__(1) hormone(can go through cell membrane) have to be told to be made by __(2) hormones(cannot go through cell membrane)

Back 35

(1) steroid hormones
(2) peptide hormones

Front 36

__(1) hormone(extracellular surface always)

Back 36

(1) Peptide hormones

Front 37

This will phosphorylate cholesterol esterase

Back 37

PKA

Front 38

Lipoproteins within cells much smaller lipoproteins to increase surface area

Back 38

Lipid droplet

Front 39

What is the key intermediate in steroid biosynthesis?

Back 39

Pregnenolone

Front 40

What is STAR protein? What does it do?

Back 40

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. transport protein that regulates cholesterol transfer within the mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in the production of steroid hormones.

Front 41

Back 41

Steroid hormone that is

Front 42

Back 42

Front 43

Back 43

Front 44

Back 44

Front 45

Metabolic inactivation of steroid hormones increases H20 solubility and are conjugated with __(1) or __(2) t hat are excreted in the urine.

Back 45

(1) sulfates
(2) glucuronides

Front 46

Back 46

Front 47

These peptide hormones regulate release of which steroid hormones:
(1) Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
(2) Angiotensin II/III
(3) Luteinizing Hormone(anterior pituitary gland)
(4) Follicle-Stimulating hormone(Ovarian follicle)
(5) Luteinizing hormone(Corpus luteum)
(6) Parathyroid hormone(Makes Vit D3 in kidney)

Back 47

(1) cortisol
(2) Aldosterone
(3) Testosteron
(4) 17B-estradiol
(5) Progesterone
(6) 1,23(OH)2D3

**recall that a hormone must bind to a receptor to initiate steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Front 48

They can secrete testosterone and are often closely related to nerves

Back 48

Leydig cell

Front 49

most superficial layer of adrenal cortex and secretes aldosterone.

Back 49

adrenal Zona Glomerulosa

Front 50

Produces glucocortocoids such as cortisol

Back 50

adrenal zona fasciculata

Front 51

Corticosteroid-binding globulin(CBG) binds 75% of __(1), 22% of which is bound to __(2), and the remainder is in free form. The free form can permeate cells and elicit biological responses. Only 10% of aldosterone is bound to CBG and __(3) percent to albumin.

Back 51

1. cortisol
2. albumin
3. 60%

Front 52

Name the four major plasma proteins responsible for mobilization of steroid hormones.

Back 52

(1) Corticosteroid-binding globulin(CBG)
(2) Sex hormone binding globulin
(3) Androgen binding protein(ABP)
(4) Albumin

Front 53

The most abundant plasma protein and represents 50% of the total plasma proteins found in humans and binds to a lot of hydrophobic molecules.

Back 53

Albumin

Front 54

The presence of __(1) decreases the amount of SHBG in blood and __(2) increases the production of SBHG.

Back 54

(1) testosterone
(2) 17B-estradiol

Front 55

Sex hormone binding globulin binds 10% of __(1), 1-3% unbound, and the remainder bound to __(2). Prior to puberty both males and females have the same amount of SHBG, but the onset of puberty results in a significant decrease in SHBG for (males/females)(3) and a small decrease in (males/females)(4) resulting in a greater amount of free __(5) and __(6), respectively. Adult (males/females)(7) have 1/2 as much SHBG as adult (males/females)(8).

Back 55

1. testosterone
2. albumin
3. males
4. females
5. testosterone
6. 17B-estradiol
7. males
8. females

Front 56

Why do men have a 40-fold increase of free testosterone compared to women?

Back 56

Adult males have 1/2 as much SHBG as adult females.

Front 57

(True/False)
You don't make less of sex hormone but the Sex hormone binding globulin.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Molecular chaperone

Back 58

Hsp90-modulate steroid hormone receptors.

Front 59

Molecular chaperone binds to __(1) and bind to and clamp forming __(2) to stabilize and prevent side chain interactions

Back 59

(1) ribosome
(2) polypeptides

Front 60

what would be the result of inhibiting Hsp90

Back 60

prevents protein folding

Front 61

What will stimulation of Hsp90 do?

Back 61

Collect misfolded proteins, refold them and throw them to the proteosome.

Front 62

Steroid hormone receptor is exressed and remains in the __(1)

Back 62

1. cytoplasm

Front 63

what is refractory cancer

Back 63

Caner can become hormone independent

Front 64

Only activated __(1) complex can cross the nuclear membrane and binds to __(2).

Back 64

(1) activated RECEPTOR complex
(2) DNA consensus sequence.

Front 65

Hormone receptor binding to consensus sequence: Proximity is important since RNA polymerase must bind to __(1) and __(2)

Back 65

(1) transcription factor
(2) hormone receptor

Front 66

What bodily functions do prostaglandins mediate?

Back 66

contraction of intestinal and uterine muscles. Also play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, pain and fever. (arthritis and mediates gastric acid secretion)

Front 67

Prostaglandings are produced in all mammalian cells except __(1) and they are used immediately.(short half-life)

Back 67

1. RBCs

Front 68

All of these are derived from 20 carbon fatty acids

Back 68

Prostaglandins

Front 69

Draw A, E, and F prostaglandins.

Back 69

Front 70

Back 70

Front 71

Lower systemic arterial pressure by vasodilation, resulting in increased bloodflow and decreased resistance

Back 71

PGE(n) and PGA(n)

Front 72

reduce signs of inflammation

Back 72

PGE1 and PGE2

Front 73

P-450 like enzyme converts to product, adds at least one molecule of __(1)

Back 73

1. oxygen gas

Front 74

Back 74

Front 75

used to terminate pregnancy

Back 75

PGE2 and PGF2

Front 76

induce signs of inflammation, released from hypothalamus(where temperature is regulated and promotes clotting)

Back 76

PGE2

Front 77

Cats deprived of sleep will accumulate __(1)

Back 77

arachidonic Acid

Front 78

Back 78

Front 79

Back 79

Front 80

Where is COX-1 found?

Back 80

Gastric mucosa, platelets, vascular endothelium, and kidneys.

Front 81

Constitutively expressed-always expressed at same concentration

Back 81

COX-1

Front 82

INDUCIBLE

Back 82

COX-2

Front 83

Why causes COX-2 to be expressed?

Back 83

generated in response to inflammation by platelet-activating factor, interleukin-1or baterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS).

Front 84

Known to be inhibited by glucocorticoids and more recently, NSAIDS. Celecoxib and vioxx

Back 84

COX-2

Front 85

Most abundant reducing agent in your cell. Endoperoxide are unstable intermediates reduced by these.

Back 85

Glutathione

Front 86

Responsible for the oxidation of arachidonic acid to eicosatetetraenoic acid.

Back 86

Lipoxygenases

Front 87

Where can one find Lipoxygenases?

Back 87

Plants, fungi, and mammals. CANNOT find in yeasts or most prokayotes.

Front 88

The active site of lipoxygenases contain an atom of __(1), which is responsible for the radical initiated reaction performed by the lipoxygenases

Back 88

1. iron

Front 89

Aspirin can kill enzyme permanently by acylating __(1) attached to it. What is this called?(2)

Back 89

1. Nitrogen
2. irreversible inhibitor or suicide substrates

Front 90

Aspirin selectively binds to and inhibits __(1)

Back 90

COX-1

Front 91

draw structure of aspirin

Back 91

Front 92

draw structure of salicylic acid

Back 92

Front 93

Glutathione will reduce any peroxide around to corresponding __(1)

Back 93

1. hydroxyl group

Front 94

Back 94

Front 95

REVIEW SLIDE 51&52

Back 95

REVIEW SLIDE 51&52

Front 96

Back 96

Front 97

Back 97

Front 98

The thiol containing peptides LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 cause...

Back 98

contraction of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and airways resulting in bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

Front 99

Current drugs used for the treatment of asthma act specifically by inhibiting_(1) and the ligand-receptor complexes

Back 99

5-LOX(5-lipoxygenase)

Front 100

__(four different) exert their biological action through ligand-receptor complexes

Back 100

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

Front 101

__(1) exist in the body for ~4 h, until further metabolized

Back 101

1. leukotrienes