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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the larynx? |
a protective sphincter to prevent foreign bodies entering the airway |
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When is laryngeal elevation crucial? |
during swallowing |
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What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx? |
soft palate |
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What is the action of the larynx? |
control airflow for speech raise intra abdominal pressure |
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Where does the larynx hang? |
under the hyoid bone |
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What are the 3 (4) laryngeal cartilages? |
Epiglottic-elastic thyroid arytenoid cricoid |
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What type of cartilage is mostly present in the larynx? |
hyaline cartilage |
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What is the median cricothyroid ligament? |
a midline thickening of the cricovocal membrane |
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What is the site of emergency access to the airway? |
The median cricothyroid ligament |
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Which cartilage is the only complete ring? |
the cricoid |
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Which other cartilages does the cricoid articulate with? |
the thyroid and arytenoid |
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What is the purpose of the ridge of the cricoid cartilage? |
attachment of the oesophagus |
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What do the inferior horns of the thyroid articulate with? |
the cricoid |
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How many laminae does the thyroid have? |
left and right, each with inferior and superior horns |
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What is the thyroid angle? |
90-120 |
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Where do the thyroid laminae fuse? |
anteriorly as the laryngeal prominence |
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Where is the superior notch? |
above the laryngeal prominence |
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Where does the epiglottis attach? |
The thyroid cartilage and projects upwards into the pharynx |
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What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing? |
laryngeal elevation pushes the epiglottis downwards and backwards to act like a lid over the laryngeal inlet |
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What is the arytenoid cartilage? |
A pyramidal shaped cartilage with a base that articulates with the sloping shoulders of the cricoid lamina |
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What is the arytenoid cartilage topped by? |
Corniculate and cuneiform cartilages |
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Where does the vocal ligament/fold attach to in the larynx?
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the vocal process on the anterior arytenoid cartilage |
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What is the extrinsic thyroid membrane? |
spans the space from upper edges of thyroid lamina and superior horn to the upper edges of the body and greater horn of the hyoid |
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What is the purpose of the median and lateral thyrohyoid ligaments? |
They thicken the extrinsic thyroid membrane posteriorly and anteriorly |
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What are the free edges of the membrane referred to as? |
ligaments |
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What is the difference between a ligament and a fold? |
the folds are ligaments that are overlain by mucous membranes |
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What the aryepiglottic ligament? |
The free upper edge of the quadrangular membrane |
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What are the 2 intrinsic membranes/ligaments? |
quadrangular and cricovocal |
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Where does the quadrangular membrane span from? |
from arytenoid to thyroid and epiglottis |
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Where does the cricovocal membrane span from |
from cricoid and arytenoid to the thyroid |
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What does the cricovocal membrane form? |
conus elasticus |
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What is the anterior thickening of the cricovocal membrane? |
the median cricothyroid ligament |
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Where is the site of emergency access of the airway?
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The median cricothyroid ligament |
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What are supportive membranes covered by externally? |
muscle |
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How is the aryepiglottic fold formed? |
Over the aryepiglottic ligament at the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane |
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What is the vestibular fold? |
Formed over the vestibular ligament at the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane |
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What is the vocal fold? |
formed over the vocal ligament at the upper edge of the cricothyroid membrane |
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How many aryepiglottic folds exist? |
2, one on each upper edge of the quadrangular membrane |
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What forms the laryngeal inlet? |
the aryepiglottic folds acting as a protective sphincter |
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How is the inlet closed? |
elevation of the larynx |
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What is another name for vestibular folds? |
false vocal folds they lie at the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane |
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Where are the vocal folds situated? |
they are the upper edge of the cricothyroid membrane on each side |
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What is the name of the opening between the vocal folds? |
rima glottis |
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Which muscles narrow or widen the rima glottis? |
Muscles within or adjacent to the vocal folds |
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Where is the ventricle of the larynx and what does it lead to? |
Between the vestibular and vocal folds it leads to the saccule |
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What is the purpose of the laryngeal saccules? |
they are covered in mucous secreting cells to lubricate the vocal folds |
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Which muscles open and close the inlet? |
aryepiglottic folds |
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Which muscles open and close the rima glottis? |
arytenoid gliding and rotation by crico-arytenoid- (posterior) the only muscle that can open the rima glottis The transverse arytenoids close the rima glottis |
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Which muscles lengthen and shorten vocal folds? |
rocking of the cricothyroid joints Thyroid is rocked back by thyroarytenoids to shorten folds thyroid is rocked forwards by cricothyroid |
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What is aryepiglotticus? |
a continuation of oblique arytenoid |
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What is thyroepiglotticus? |
Might help the sphincteric affect by compressing the vestibule and drawing the epiglottis and arytenoids towards each other |
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What is the movement of arytenoid cartilages? |
They can externally rotate and glide laterally down the shoulders of the cricoid lamina |
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What is the action of posterior crick-arytenoid
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It swivels or externally rotates the arytenoids This pulls apart the vocal folds and down the sloping shoulders of cricoid |
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Which folds are open in quiet respiration? |
All folds are open and the rima is triangular with cord abducted |
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During forced inspiration what is the structure of the larynx? |
The rima is more forcefully and widely opened by the posterior crico-arytenoid externally rotating arytenoid |
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What is the shape of the rima glottis during forced inspiration?
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Rhomboid shaped |
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What cause phonation? |
Vocal folds are adducted to close the rima glottis and air is forced through causing vibration |
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Where does the superior laryngeal nerve originate? |
vagus |
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What is the path of the superior laryngeal nerve? |
It passed with the superior thyroid artery until it branches to internal and external branches |
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What is sensation to the larynx to just above the vocal folds by? |
the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve |
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What is the nerve supply of cricothyroid? |
the external branch of the superior laryngeal nevre
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What is special about the nerve supply to cricothryoid?
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it is the only muscles NOT supplied by the RLN |
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Where does the RLN ascend> |
between the trachea and oesophagus to intermingle with branches of the inferior thyroid artery |
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What does the RLN supply? |
all of the muscles of the larynx apart from cricothyroid. Sensation to the vocal cords and larynx below |
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What does complete RLN paralysis cause?
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The vocal folds will lie in a semi abducted position |
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What will partial paralysis of the RLN cause? |
the folds will move into the midline |
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What is the most dangerous type of RLN paralysis? |
bilateral partial paralysis because it might close the rima irreversibly |
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What will paralysis of the external superior laryngeal nerve present as |
may go unnoticed |
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What does the superior thyroid artery follow? |
the larynx above the vocal folds |
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Where do veins of the larynx drain to? |
The superior thyroid vein |
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Which artery accompanies the RLN? |
The inferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroid artery to supply the larynx below the vocal folds |
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Where do veins below the vocal folds drain to? |
inferior thyroid veins |