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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Matter
All tangible materials that occupy space and have mass
atoms
The smallest particle of an element to retain all the properties of that element.
protons
An elementary particle that carries a positive charge. It is identical to the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
neutrons
An electrically neutral particle in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen
electrons
A negatively charged subatomic particle that is distributed around the nucleus in an atom.
element
A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics.
isotopes
A version of an element that is virtually identical in all chemical properties to another version except that their atoms have slightly different atomic masses due to differing numbers of neutrons within the nucleus.
chemical bonds
A link formed between molecules when two or more atoms share, gain or lose electrons.
molecules
A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms.
compound
Molecules that are a combination of two or more different elements.
Valence
The combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take on or give up, which is determined by the number of electrons in its outer shell.
Covalent Bonds
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Polar covalent bonds
A bond in which one atom is able to attract the shared electrons to itself more than the other atom, which creates a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges, having a negative pole and a positive pole
Nonpolar
A term used to describe an electrically neutral molecules formed by covalent bonds between atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity.
Ionic bonds
A chemical bond in which electrons are transferred and not shared between atoms. Each atom either gains or loses an electron and thus retains a charge.
cation
A positively charged ion. Loses an electron.
anion
A negatively charged ion.
Gains an electron.
hydrogen bonds
A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of forces between molecules or atoms-in this case either oxygen or nitrogen. In this type of bond, electrons are not shared, lost, or gained.
solution
A mixture of one or more substances that cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling
ph
The symbol for the negative logarithm of the H ion concentration; The potential for hydrogen ion concentration is a system for rating acidity and alkalinity.
acidic
A solution with a pH value below 7 on the pH scale. An acidic substance will increase the concentration of H+ when added to a solution.
basic
A solution with a pH value above 7 on the pH scale. A basic substance will decrease the H+ concentration when added to a solution, this is often accomplished by releasing OH- which bonds with H+.
organic
Any substance containing the basic framework of the elements carbon and hydrogen.
macromolecules
Large, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, most notably biochemicals.
monomers
A simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules.
carbohydrates
A compound containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
monosaccharides
A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for a more complex carbohydrate.
disaccharides
A sugar containing two monosaccharides. Ex. sucrose (fructose + glucose)
glycosidic bonds
A bond that joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polymers.
polysaccharides
A large chain of sugars. A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides. Ex. cellulose, starch, glycogen
peptidoglycan
A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram - bacteria have a smaller amound of this rigid structure than do gram positive bacteria.
Lipids
A term used to describe a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and chloroform.
Triglycerides
A type of lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids.
phospholipids
A class of lipids consisting of a phosphate "head" chemically bound to two fatty acid "tails". The head is hydrophillic while the tails are hydrophobic, a property which makes them a major structural component of cell membranes.
Proteins
Predominant organic molecule in cells, formed by long chains of amino acids.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of protein. Amino acids exist in 20 naturally occurring forms that impart different characteristics to the various proteins they compose.
Primary Structure
Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. The primary structure varies extensively from protein to protein.
Secondary Structure
Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain to either twist, forming a helix, or to pleat into an accordion pattern called a B(beta)-pleated sheet.
Tertiary Structure
Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass.
Quaternary Structure
Most complex protein structure characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more thanone of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.
Enzymes
A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reaction by lowering the activation energy required for that reaction to take place.
Antibodies
Large protein molecules evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.
Nucleotides
The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each of which contains a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only), or uracil (RNA only)
nitrogen base
A ringed compound of which purine and pyrimidines are types
pentose
A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms per molecule.
adenine
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA with a purine form
guanine (G)
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA in the purine form.
cytosine (C)
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, occurring in a pyrimidine form.
thymine (T)
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA but not in RNA. Thymine is in a pyrimidine form.
uracil (U)
One of the nitrogen bases in RNA but not in DNA. Uracil is in a pyrimidine form.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A polymer of nucleotides that occurs as a double-stranded helix with hydrogen bbonding in pairs between the helices. It has all of the bases except uracil, and the pentose sugar is deoxyribose. DNA is the master code for a cell's life processes.
Ribonucleic Acid
A polymer of nucleotides where the sugar is ribose and uracil is used instead of thymine. It is almost always found single stranded and is used to express the DNA code into proteins.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP
A nucleotide involved in the transfer and storage of energy in cells.
Cells
The aggregates of macromolecules that carry out living processes and can be divided into either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.