• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/59

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
"Las Mariposas del alma"
"butterflies of the soul", metaphor comparing the brojection of brain cells as they shrink and grow to the movement of butterflies. Quote from Santiago Ramon y Cajal, the "father of neuroscience"
Homonids
Ancestors of humans that walked the earth 8 million years ago.
nucleotides
ATGC, enodes DNA
DNA -> RNA -> Protein!
Confabulation
the formation of false memories, perceptions, or beliefs about the self or the environment as a result of neurological or psychological dysfunction.
Occipital cortex
Back of the brain processing visual information. The blinds' fires even while they read braile - imagination.
What caused Greg's amnesia in Oliver Sacks' "The Last Hippie?"
A large brain tumor
Frontal lobes
higher processing center, gives a sense of vitality, moral choices, appropriateness of behavior.
Phineas Gage
Accident damaged frontal lobe but he survived. Doctor's concluded that frontal lobes are not necessary; but, his personality changed, and he became a drunkard with no sense of responsibility.
Dementia
Irreversible and progressive decline in 2 or more spheres of congintion that affect activities of daily life such as:
-memory loss
-impaired reasoning or judgment
-disorientation
-difficulty learning
-loss of language skills
-reduced abilitiy to perform routinge tasks (apraxia)
-changes in personality and behavioral problems: agitation, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations
Senile plaques
material, amyloid, that oozes from cells and connects between them.
Neurofibrillary tangle
forms inside the body of the brain cell, neuron, and chokes the cell to death. Formed of ABP.
Hippocampus
part of the brain responsible for the intake of new memories
Amygdala
part o the brain responsible for emotions
Amyloid beta protein
protein that forms senile plaques when it is cut by enzymes from APP (amyloid precursor protein).
sundowner
describes how at the end of the day, Alzheimer's patients become disoriented.
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Cognitive impairment that does not impair instrumental activities of daily living (e.g., shopping, finances, cooking, etc.) but when formally tested, paintent shows impairment. Already has plaque in the brain.
Nun Study
Study by Snowden showing that those nuns who did not get Alzheimer's tended to have idea density and grammatical complexity in their essays.
Brain reserve hypothesis
innate or early life facors create a reserve in the brain to withstand amyloid.
Brain-battering hypothesis
better-educated people may exercise more and eat better and thus are at less risk for AD.
Diagnostic bias
educated people will score higher on tests of memory naturally.
Transgenic mice
Mice embryo inserted with gene causes every cell in body to have gene. Used in study of Alzheimer's Immunization. Those mice with excercise equipment also got fewer plaques.
Fronto-Temporal Dementia
Front and sides of brain shrink where memories are stored; results in:
-language disorder
-perceptual disorder-recognizing faces
-loss of sympathy and empathy
-loss of impulse control, judgment
-euphoria
-early decline in social interpersonal conduct
-repetitive compulsive behavior
-rigidity
-decline in hygiene
-apathy
-artistic talent
Autosommal dominant manner
Alzheimer's inherited in such a way in Columbian town that if the parent has the deisease, a child has a 50% chance of getting it.
Founder affect
someone started genetic mutation that affects descendants
Franz Joseph Gall
founder of phrenology, reading bumps off the skull, he claimed brain function was localized. Correct, but for wrong reason.
Homonculus
Map of the human body on the brain.
Karl Lashley
American psychologist who claimed that memory was everywhere in examining the engram of a rat's brain.
H.M.
Patient with intractable epilepsy who had a resection of medial temporal lobe structures (hippocampus) resulting in diminished seizures but also memory loss.
Anterograde amnesia
Short term memory loss after an accident
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss of anything before the accident
Shrinking retrograde amnesia
no memory of an accident but as person gets better, memory may come back of the time before the accident.
Episodic memory
memory for events that have a specific spatial and temporal context; episodes in life; stories.
Semantic memory
general knowledge about the world; including word meanings
Procedural memory
Memory of how to do things. Ex: riding a bicycle
Working memory
phonological / language memory (Broca and Wernicke areas), spatial memory. Ex: recalling a song.
Transient Global Amnesia
Temporary but almost total disruption of short term memory and some problems accessing older memories lasting for 8-10 hours.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Lasting more than one month, symptoms that cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Results in re-experiencing of the trauma (flash backs, dreams, thoughts); avoidance of places, events, orbjects that remind of trauma; emotional numbness; depression, guilt, or worry; anhedonia; memory loss of trauma; hyperarousal.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
A sudden trauma that damages the brain when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or an object peirces skull and enters brain tissue. Mild and moderate varieties exhibit loss of consciousness, diziness, headache, confusion, blurred vision, change in sleep patterns or mood changes, trouble with memory, concentration, attention or thinking.
Contusion
bleeding in the brain
What is the historical background to the story of Stephanie's amnesia in Balzac's short story "Adieu?"
Napoleon's Russian Campaign
aphasia
loss of speech (seen in PTSD)
What is involved in Philippe's cure of Stephanie?
Reconstructing the crossing of the Berezina.
Philippe Pinel
French psychiatrist that advocated for humane treatment of patients, and cured war trauma through staging.
Symptoms of Septimus' Shell Shock?
apathy, emotional numbness, flashbacks of Evan's death, nightmares, apasia, delirious moments and hallucinations.
After his incident, Funes develops a prodigious memory bus in almost incapable of what specific activities?
Walking and thinking.
What are some of Funes' reconstruction attempts?
Cataloguing all of his memories, and trying to remember all of the events in a single day.
Who/what does Oliver Sacks explore in "Prodigies?"
The question of precocious artistic children, autistic artists, and the nature of artistic creativity.
Autism
Definied by Leo Kanner and Hans Asberger as:
1) failure to integrate into a social group; inability to form "affective content"
2) language impairment
3) Repetitive behavior
4) Desire for samenes - obsession with systems
5) Islets of ability
Autism triad of behavioral domains
1) social development
2) communication
3) repetitive behaviors and obsessive interests
Rare variant
Variation in either 3 to 5 genes of the 500 genes that could encone for autism.
Assortative mating
takes place when sexually reproducing organisms choose to mate with similar (positive - more variety, more occurrence of trait in population) or dissimilar (negative - less variety, less occurrence) individulas to themselves.
Kim Peek
Man missing corpus callosum (R & L brain not connected), exhibity savant syndrome.
"Rain Man"
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
MRI technology showing the wiring of the brain, ciruitry and connections and could be used to understand autistic savants.
Empathy
1) Attribution of mental states to one's self and others, as a natural way to make sense of the actions of agents.
2) emotional reactions that are appropriate to others' mental states.
Mirror neurons
Discharge during the observation of an action in same area where person's neurons fire in doing action. Firing based on intentions.
FACS
Facial Action Coding System developped y Paul Ekman cataloguing the 43 movements or "action units" of the face and 10,000 combinations.
Flashbulb memory
Memory more easily recalled because of the emotions associated with it. Ex: "What were you doing on 9/11?"
Neurotypical
Opposite of autism; excessively social.
Williams Syndrom
Caused by 20 consecutive genes deleted on one copy of chromosome 7. Results in outgoing, engaging personalities, extreme interest in speech, but intellectual disability, while having unexpectedly fluent speech. There is dissociation of language and intelligence.