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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonviolent hostility between the U.S. & Soviet Union that arose during the 1950s.
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Cold War
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Emerged from World War II as superpowers.
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U.S. & Soviet Union
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Resulted in competing Communist & Western alliances.
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Cold War
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One contributing factor to the Cold War was the fact that Stalin broke a promise he had made at Yalta for ___________.
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free elections in Eastern Europe
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Both the U.S. & the Soviet Union formed them with the countries they protected or occupied.
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military alliances.
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Consisted of the U.S. and its Western European allies.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Included the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.
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Warsaw Pact
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A country whose policies are dictated by another country.
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satellite
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Division of Europe into Communist and Democratic regions.
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Iron Curtain
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At Yalta they agreed to divide it into four occupation zones.
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Germany
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Germany
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The occupation zones resulted in a democratic and a communist _________.
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Democratic Germany
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West Germany
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Communist Germany
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East Germany
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In addition to dividing Germany after WWII ________ was also divided.
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Berlin
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West Berlin was completely surrounded by ________.
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East Germany
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Was created so people could not escape to West Berlin.
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Berlin wall
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In East Germany, Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia there were revolts against____.
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Soviet domination
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USSR
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Soviet Union
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First major leader to succeed Stalin.
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Nikita Khrushchev
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When the Soviets developed Nuclear Weapons in 1949 the result was a _________.
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Nuclear arms race
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Building up nuclear weapons to keep an opponent from using their nuclear weapons.
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nuclear deterrence
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The belief that if nuclear weapons were balanced between sides, neither side would use its weapons because it would result in their own destruction.
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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
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Made the U.S. & USSR reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict.
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fear of global nuclear destruction
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To reduce the threat of nuclear war the two sides met in ______.
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disarmament talks
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Resulted in two agreements, one in 1972 & one in 1979, to limit the number of nuclear weapons.
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SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
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Missiles designed to shoot down incoming missiles.
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Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)
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ABMs were dealt with in SALT treaties because of the fear that they might make _____.
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Nuclear deterrence ineffective
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Missile defense program launched by Ronald Reagan.
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Star Wars
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Critics of the Star Wars defense system believed it violated an ______.
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ABM treaty
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Nuclear Arms treaty reached in 1991.
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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
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American and Soviet arms control agreements led to an era of _________.
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détente
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Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the USSR in the 1970s.
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détente
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As more nations developed nuclear weapons, a group of nations agreed not to develop nuclear weapons or stop their proliferation.
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
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Ended the period of détente.
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Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
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When WWII ended the Soviets were assisting communist forces in ________.
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China & Korea
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Doctrine giving military and economic aid to help countries block communist takeovers.
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Truman Doctrine
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The Truman doctrine was in effect the policy of _____.
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containment
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U.S. leaders attempted to keep communism from spreading to other nations in a policy of ______.
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containment
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As nations sought independence from imperial powers after WWII some sought the support of the U.S. others sought the support of the ___.
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Soviet Union
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At times the Cold War got "hot" and erupted into "shooting wars" especially in _______.
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Korea & Vietnam
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Led a successful revolution and Communist takeover in Cuba.
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Fidel Castro
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Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by U.S. trained Cuban exiles supported by President Kennedy.
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Bay of Pigs
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Kennedy uses naval blockade to stop Soviet nuclear weapons from being placed in Cuba.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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While Western democracies supported free markets Communism supported a _____.
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command economy
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Production & prices are based on supply and demand.
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free market
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Production & prices are determined by the government.
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command economy
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Fear that communists inside the U.S. might try to undermine the government. (late 1940s early 1950s)
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Red Scare (actually second Red Scare)
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Led a hunt for communists he thought were in the U.S. government.
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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The newly created United Nations' headquarters were in ______.
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New York City
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During the 1950s and 1960s the U.S. experienced a post war economic _____.
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boom
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During the post war boom many Americans left the cities for the _____.
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suburbs
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The post war economic boom was brought to an end by ________.
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high oil prices
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The post war economic boom ended with the _______.
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recession of 1974
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Despite the post war economic boom in the U.S. minorities still suffered from __________.
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segregation & discrimination
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Even though it made segregated schools unconstitutional it did not end the practice in the South.
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Brown versus Board of Education
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Gifted preacher who emerged as a leader of the Civil Rights movement.
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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
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The civil rights movement inspired the women's rights movement to end _______.
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gender based discrimination
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The U.S. gave massive economic aid which revived Western European economies after WWII.
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Marshall Plan
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After WWII many Western democracies started to move toward assuming the basic responsibility for people's economic well being by building the ________.
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Welfare State
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The Welfare state requires higher _____.
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taxes
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Promoted free trade and economic cooperation among the nations of Western Europe. (formed 1957)
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European Community (Common Market)
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Led the U.S. occupation of Japan after WWII.
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General Douglas MacArthur
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Under U.S. occupation Japan established a parliamentary democracy and experienced an amazing _________.
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economic recovery
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Japan's economic miracle relied on _____.
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exports
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After Japan's defeat civil war resumed in China between the ____________.
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Communists & Nationalists
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Leader of the Communists in China after WWII.
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Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
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Leader of the Nationalists in China after WWII.
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Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
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Communists won control of mainland China in _____. (year)
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1949
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The communists won in China in large part because they won the support of the _____.
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peasants
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After defeat the Chinese Nationalists fled to ____.
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Taiwan
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Under Chinese communism Buddhism, Confucianism and other traditional beliefs were ____.
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suppressed
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Mao forced people to move from small villages and individual farms to communes of thousands of people on thousands of acres.
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Great Leap Forward
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The "Great Leap Forward" proved to be a dismal failure and as many as 55 million Chinese are thought to have ___________.
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starved to death
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Mao Zedong put down any dissent with ___.
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beatings, imprisonment, & execution
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In 1966 Mao urged young Chinese to purge China of "bourgeois" tendencies in the ____.
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Cultural Revolution
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Resulted in bands of Chinese teenagers humiliating, beating, and even killing anybody they considered to be "bourgeois."
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Cultural Revolution
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Skilled workers & managers were forced to work on farms or in labor camps in China.
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Cultural Revolution
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It resulted in a slowed economy and the threat of civil war until Mao had the army restore order.
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Cultural Revolution
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When China first became communist it was supported by the Soviet Union but as the two nations grew to distrust each other the Soviets _______.
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withdrew their aid and advisors
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By "playing the China card" or improving relations with Communist China the U.S. hoped to _____.
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isolate the Soviets
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In 1971 the U.S. allowed the Communists to replace Taiwan in the United Nations and in 1979 the U.S. established _________.
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diplomatic relations with China.
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After WWII the U.S. and Soviet forces agreed to divide this nation at the 38th parallel.
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Korea
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Communist Dictator of North Korea after WWII.
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Kim Il Sung
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The North Koreans attacked the South in June of _________.
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1950
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Because of the absence of the Soviet Union it condemned the North Korean invasion and used a force made up mostly of U.S. troops to fight the North Koreans.
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United Nations
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The North Koreans overran most of the South until they were stopped by the U.N. forces, the U.N. forces then counter attacked and drove back close to the ______.
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Chinese border
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After Mao Zedong sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans the U.N. forces were driven back to the _____.
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38th parallel
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The Korean War turned into a stalemate and both sides signed an armistice to end fighting in ____. (year)
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1953
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After the Korean War nearly two million North and South Koreans remained dug in on either side of the _____.
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demilitarized zone (DMZ)
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Conquered Indochina in the 1800s and controlled it until it was overrun by Japan in WWII.
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French
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During WWII the Japanese faced stiff resistance in Indochina (especially in Vietnam) from _______.
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guerrillas
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Small groups of loosely organized soldiers who make surprise raids.
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guerrillas
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After the Japanese were defeated they set out to re-establish authority in Indochina.
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French
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Leader of the Vietnamese who fought the French.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Ho Chi Minh was both a nationalist and a ______.
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communist
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Vietnamese victory over the French in 1954 that convinced the French to leave Vietnam
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Dienbienphu
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Indochina countries that had gained independence separate from Vietnam.
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Cambodia & Laos
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After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the _______.
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Cold War
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After 1954 Western and communist powers agreed to a temporary division of _______.
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Vietnam
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After Vietnam was divided Ho Chi Minh's communists controlled North Vietnam and South Vietnam was controlled by noncommunist led by ____.
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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Ngo Dinh Diem and the South Vietnamese were supported by the ______.
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United States
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The agreement to divide Vietnam included an agreement to hold elections to reunite Vietnam, these elections were never held because _______.
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Diem and the U.S. feared the communists would win
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The majority of South Vietnamese actually supported ___________.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese favored ___.
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South Vietnam
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The U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem's regime because they feared the _________.
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spread of communism
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Ngo Dinh Diem's dictatorial regime alienated many Vietnamese because of its __________.
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corruption and brutal tactics
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Many Vietnamese believed South Vietnam was under the foreign domination of the ____.
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U.S.
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By the early 1960s many South Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters, with the support of North Vietnam were fighting against the ____.
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South Vietnamese forces
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Belief that if one country falls to communism its neighbors would also fall.
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Domino Theory
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National Liberation Front, the South Vietnamese communist rebels trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.
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Viet Cong
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Ho Chi Minh determined to unite Vietnam supported the _____.
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Viet Cong
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The first attack on an American destroyer by the North Vietnamese was provoked by a South Vietnamese raid on the North, the second attack didn't actually happen, it was only a false sonar reading.
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Gulf of Tonkin Incident
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Claimed that both the first attack in the Gulf of Tonkin and the second (which didn't happen) were both unprovoked.
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President Lyndon Johnson
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Used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to get congress to authorize his enormous escalation of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
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President Lyndon Johnson
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In August of 1964 it was passed by Congress giving President Johnson the authority to use whatever force he thought necessary in Vietnam.
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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Number of U.S. men sent to Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.
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2.5 million
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A large percentage of the men who served in Vietnam and often as high as two thirds of the men who served in combat were______.
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drafted
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About 80% of the soldiers who served in Vietnam came from the ______.
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working and lower classes
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U.S. Soldiers in Vietnam were generally not trying to take more territory, their primary objective was to increase the _______.
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body count
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Because they came from the Vietnamese peasants the U.S. soldiers had a great deal of difficulty finding and identifying the _______.
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Viet Cong
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Because many Vietnamese villagers gave refuge to the Viet Cong the villages themselves sometimes became _____.
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military targets
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A coordinated attack against cities and bases in South Vietnam by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese in 1968.
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Tet Offensive
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Converted many Americans to the view that the Vietnam war could not be won.
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Tet Offensive
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Due to opposition to the Vietnam war he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.
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Lyndon Johnson
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Under increasing pressure to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam he negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in 1973.
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Richard Nixon
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The U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops and North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South.
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Paris Peace Accord
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Two years after the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam the _______.
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North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam
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Also fell to communism after the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam
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Cambodia & Laos
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Communist guerrillas who came to power in Cambodia.
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Khmer Rouge
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Ruler of the Khmer Rouge who oversaw work camps and the genocide of more than a million Cambodians.
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Pol Pot
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After Cambodia and Laos communism did not spread any farther in ______.
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Southeast Asia
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It was unable to produce the incentive in the people to produce enough goods to keep the people happy.
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command economy
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When Hungarians tried to break free of Soviet control in 1956, he sent tanks in to enforce obedience.
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
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Prague Spring
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Ordered the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 to halt the reform movement there.
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Leonid Brezhnev
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The Cold War arms race put more pressure on the Soviets than the U.S. because of the ____.
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Stagnant Soviet economy
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The Soviet Vietnam.
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Afghanistan
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The Soviet supported government of Afghanistan attempted to ________.
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modernize
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Afghan warlords opposed _______.
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land redistribution
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Afghan Muslims opposed communist _____.
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atheism
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When rebels attempted overthrow the Soviet backed government of Afghanistan _____.
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Soviets troops moved in
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Muslim religious warriors who fought the Soviets in Afghanistan.
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Mujahedin
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Soviet leader who came to power and urged reforms in 1985.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Signed arms control treaties with the U.S. and pulled Soviet troops out of Afghanistan.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Gorbachev's policy of openness and ending censorship.
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glasnost
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Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the government and the economy.
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perestroika
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Gorbachev's policies actually spread unrest across the ______.
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Soviet empire
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Independent labor union that demanded changes in Poland.
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Solidarity
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Leader of Solidarity and eventually president of Poland.
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Lech Walesa
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Dissident writer and human rights activists who gets elected president of Czechoslovakia.
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Vaclav Havel
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The Berlin Wall came down in 1989 and in 1990 __________.
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Germany was reunified
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When Gorbachev was prepared to sign a treaty reducing the power of the soviet government in 1991 ______________.
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Communist hardliners tried to seize control
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Russian President who defied the Communist hardliners and forced them to give up control.
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Boris Yeltsin
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On December 8, 1991, leaders of the Soviet Republics agreed to _______.
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dissolve the Soviet Union
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In 1992 it was divided into Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
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Czechoslovakia
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In the 1940s, tension between Hindus and Muslims led to violence in ______.
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India
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The British decided to partition India into ____.
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two countries
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After the British partition areas where Hindus were a majority became ____.
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India
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After the British partition areas where Muslims were a majority became _____.
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Pakistan
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Pakistan and India became independent nations in _____.
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1947
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After the partition of India millions of Muslims and Hindus moved to the country where their _________.
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faith was the majority
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As Muslims and Hindus moved to new countries on the Indian sub-continent they often ____.
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attacked and killed each other
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India and Pakistan have fought wars over the disputed region of ________.
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Kashmir
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The tension between India and Pakistan is of even greater concern to the rest of the world because they both have developed ______.
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nuclear weapons
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The British colony of Ceylon gained independence in 1948 and changed its name in 1972 to _____.
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Sri Lanka
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In Sri Lanka the minority Hindu Tamils have fought for a separate nation against the majority _____.
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Sinhalese Buddhist majority
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India's first Prime Minister made attempts to improve the conditions of the dalits (outcastes).
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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When Nehru died in office his daughter replaced him in office.
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Indira Gandhi
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Religious minority in India but the majority in the province of Punjab.
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Sikhs
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In 1984, in an effort to gain independence for Punjab, Sikhs occupied their holiest shrine the __________.
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Golden Temple
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After talks failed she sent troops to oust the Sikhs from the Golden Temple and Thousands of Sikhs were killed.
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Indira Gandhi
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She was killed by her Sikh bodyguards.
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Indira Gandhi
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World's most populated democracy.
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India
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A thousand miles separated West Pakistan from _______.
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East Pakistan
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In 1971 the Bengalis declared East Pakistan an independent nation ____.
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Bangladesh
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Pakistan tried to crush the Bengali rebels, but the rebels were successful because of support from ___.
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India
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A new movement started in 1955 which supported political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War superpowers.
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nonalignment
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In Southeast Asia, Thailand and Malaysia have prospered as __________.
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market economies
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In Southeast Asia Myanmar has suffered under _____.
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autocratic government
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A nation of 13,000 islands gained independence after WWII and is 90% Muslim.
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Indonesia
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When Indonesia first won independence it was ____.
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democratic
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In 1966, an army general, Suharto took power and ruled as dictator until 1998.
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Indonesia
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After Suharto was forced to resign in 1998, a series of democratically elected governments tried to restore stability.
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Indonesia
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In 1975 Indonesia seized the former Portuguese colony _____.
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East Timor
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Mostly Catholic fought and gained independence from Indonesia in 2002.
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East Timor
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Gained freedom from U.S. control in 1946.
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Philippines.
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The Filipino constitution created a democratic government but politics were controlled by a ______.
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wealthy elite
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Elected President of the Philippines in 1965, abandoned democracy and made himself dictator.
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Ferdinand Marcos
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When Marcos finally held elections in 1986 she was elected.
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Corazon Aquino
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Marcos tried to deny the results and prevent Aquino from becoming president, but demonstrations in Manila forced him to resign.
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"people power" revolution
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In the Philippines, communist and Muslim rebels continue to _______.
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fight across the country
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After WWII many African nations demanded independence, a few developed peace and democracy, but most experienced _________.
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civil wars, military rule, or corrupt dictators
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Because Europeans had divided Africa into colonies without regard for ethnic groups, when African countries did gain independence they often had ________.
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ethnic conflicts
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Most of the people in the Middle East are ______. (religion)
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Muslim
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There are Christian and other religious minorities in the Middle East and Israel is largely _______.
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Jewish
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Borders drawn by Europeans divided their homeland among Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
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Kurds
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In all the countries where they live Kurds are a _____.
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minority
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Kurds have faced the greatest discrimination in ________.
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Turkey & Iraq
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Jews had been driven out of what is today Palestine in the first century, but started to return in the _______.
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1800s
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The Holocaust created worldwide support for a _______.
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Jewish Homeland in Palestine
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After WWII Jews migrated in large numbers to ______.
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Palestine
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The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an ______.
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Arab and a Jewish state
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Rejected the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.
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Arabs
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When Britain withdrew from Palestine the Jews proclaimed the independent state of ______.
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Israel
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After Israel declared its independence the Arabs ______.
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launched the first of several wars against them
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Victors in the Arab Israeli wars.
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Israel
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As a result of the first Arab Israeli war 700,000 Palestinian Arabs ________.
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fled Palestine
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The Middle East is of great importance to the U.S. and other powers because of its huge ______.
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oil reserves
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The Middle East nations with large oil reserves are part of _________.
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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In 1973, OPEC blocked oil shipments to the U.S. to protest the ________.
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U.S. support of Israel
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The OPEC oil embargo contributed to a _____.
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World Wide Recession
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Some Middle Eastern countries have secular, or non-religious, _________.
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governments & laws
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By the 1970s some Muslim leaders were calling for a return to ___________.
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Sharia law
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Laws based upon the Quran and the Hadith.
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Sharia law
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Their rights are severely limited in countries governed by Sharia law.
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Women
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Is strategically important because it shares a border with Israel and controls the Suez Canal.
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Egypt
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Seized power in Egypt in 1952, worked to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
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Gamel Abdel Nasser
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Nationalized the Suez Canal ending British and French Control. (person)
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Gamel Abdel Nasser
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Nasser fought two unsuccessful wars against __.
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Israel
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Nasser's successor who made peace with Israel.
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Anwar Sadat
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Assassinated Anwar Sadat for not ending corruption & poverty & for making peace with Israel.
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Muslim fundamentalists (Islamists)
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Ruled Iran, with U.S. support.
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Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
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The Shah's attempts to Westernize Iran upset _________.
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Islamic Fundamentalists
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The Shah's secret police used terror to drive his critics into ______.
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exile
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In the 1970s the Shah's foes rallied behind the cleric ___________.
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Massive protests drove the Shah into exile, Khomeini returned and Iran became an ____.
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Islamic Republic
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After the Iranian Revolution Islamists seized the American embassy and held 52 Americans ____.
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hostage for more than a year
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