Mccurdy Us History Ch. 21 Civil Rights Movement

Front 1

General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers who asked Jackie Robinson to be the first player to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.

Back 1

Branch Rickey

Front 2

First black player to break the color barrier and play major league baseball.

Back 2

Jackie Robinson

Front 3

Year that Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in the major leagues.

Back 3

1947

Front 4

African American Migration to northern cities, the New Deal, World War II, Rise of the NAACP.

Back 4

reasons for the accelerating demand for civil rights.

Front 5

After World War II the campaign for African American civil rights began to _______.

Back 5

accelerate

Front 6

In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson had established the _______________.

Back 6

"separate but equal" doctrine

Front 7

After World War II, the African American civil rights movement made few gains until _______.

Back 7

the 1960s

Front 8

Ordered an end to discrimination in the armed forces.

Back 8

President Truman

Front 9

Leader of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund "Mr. Civil Rights"

Back 9

Thurgood Marshall

Front 10

Lawyer who argued on behalf of Brown against segregation in America's schools.

Back 10

Thurgood Marshall

Front 11

Supreme Court ruling that declared the "separate but equal" doctrine to be unconstitutional.

Back 11

Brown v Board of Education

Front 12

Year of Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Back 12

1954

Front 13

In Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are _______________."

Back 13

inherently unequal

Front 14

Chief Justice influential in the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Back 14

Earl Warren

Front 15

A year after the "Brown decision" the Court ruled that local school boards should move to desegregate "with __________."

Back 15

all deliberate speed

Front 16

The "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, resulted in many southern whites responding with fear and angry ______.

Back 16

resistance

Front 17

Southern congressmen claimed that there was "no legal basis" for the "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, that it violated states' rights and was an example of "judicial usurpation."

Back 17

"Southern Manifesto"

Front 18

Bringing together of races.

Back 18

integration

Front 19

When she refused to give up her seat to a white man, she was seized by the police and ordered to stand trial sparking the Montgomery Bus boycott.

Back 19

Rosa Parks

Front 20

Boycott aimed at forcing the bus company to change its policy of segregated seating on buses.

Back 20

Montgomery bus boycott

Front 21

Event that introduced a new generation of African American leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr.

Back 21

Montgomery bus boycott

Front 22

The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December of 1955 to December of _______.

Back 22

1956

Front 23

Even though the Montgomery bus company refused to change its policies the boycott did result in a Supreme Court decision declaring bus segregation _____________.

Back 23

unconstitutional

Front 24

When nine African American students attempted to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas this governor used the National Guard to prevent them from attending.

Back 24

Orval Faubus

Front 25

Although HE was not in favor of integration, he did believe Governor Faubus actions were a violation of the Constitution and a challenge to his authority.

Back 25

President Eisenhower

Front 26

President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne to protect the Little Rock Nine as they desegregated the school. He also nationalized the Arkansas National Guard placing them under ______.

Back 26

his Authority

Front 27

When the 101st Airborne left Little Rock, and only the National Guard remained to protect the Little Rock Nine, they were constantly subjected to ____________.

Back 27

verbal and physical abuse

Front 28

Year Eisenhower used the 101st Airborne and the National Guard to enforce school integration, in Littlerock, Arkansas.

Back 28

1957

Front 29

Eisenhower said his actions in Little Rock, Arkansas were necessary to defend the authority of the ____.

Back 29

Supreme Court

Front 30

Mexican American reform groups such as the Community Service Organization and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) sought change through ________.

Back 30

peaceful protest

Front 31

Federal government policy adopted in 1953, which sought to eliminate reservations altogether and to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream culture.

Back 31

"termination"

Front 32

The policy of "termination" met resistance, and was discarded, but THEIR problems of poverty, discrimination, and little real political representation remained.

Back 32

Native Americans

Front 33

In the 1920s and 1930s this group had success in challenging segregation laws.

Back 33

NAACP

Front 34

NAACP

Back 34

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Front 35

Critics charged that IT was out of touch with the basic issues of economic survival faced by many poorer African Americans.

Back 35

NAACP

Front 36

This group helped African American newcomers, to large cities, find homes and jobs.

Back 36

National Urban League

Front 37

Civil rights organization founded by pacifists in 1942 and dedicated to effecting change through peaceful confrontation.

Back 37

CORE

Front 38

CORE

Back 38

Congress of Racial Equality

Front 39

Organized the first sit-in, in 1943, at a restaurant called the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.

Back 39

CORE

Front 40

Founder and President of CORE from 1942 to 1966, turned it into a national organization.

Back 40

James Farmer

Front 41

It was founded by pacifists and directed by James Farmer.

Back 41

CORE

Front 42

CORE pursued its goals through ________.

Back 42

peaceful confrontation

Front 43

Civil Rights organization founded by African American ministers in 1957.

Back 43

SCLC

Front 44

SCLC

Back 44

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Front 45

In 1957 Martin Luther King Jr., and other ministers founded the ___________.

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SCLC

Front 46

The SCLC and CORE were similar in that they both promoted _____.

Back 46

nonviolent protest

Front 47

Group that shifted the focus of the civil rights movement from the North to the South.

Back 47

SCLC

Front 48

Method used by Martin Luther King, Jr., and other members of the SCLC, to achieve victory in the struggle for Civil Rights.

Back 48

nonviolent protest

Front 49

Individual who influenced Martin Luther King, Jr., to believe in nonviolent protest.

Back 49

Gandhi

Front 50

SCLC taught its nonviolent protesters not to resist even when ________.

Back 50

attacked

Front 51

King followed Gandhi's teaching that those who fight for justice must peacefully refuse to obey ____.

Back 51

unjust laws

Front 52

SCLC's 17 rules for maintaining a nonviolent approach instructed "If another person is being molested do not rise to go to his defense, but __________."

Back 52

pray for the oppressor….

Front 53

Gave young African Americans a greater voice in the civil rights movement.

Back 53

SNCC

Front 54

SNCC

Back 54

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Front 55

SNCC was formed to enable students to make their own decisions about ___________.

Back 55

priorities and tactics

Front 56

Group that entrusted decisions about priorities and tactics to young activists.

Back 56

SNCC

Front 57

As director of the SNCC's Mississippi Project, HE traveled to the South to try to register black voters.

Back 57

Robert Moses

Front 58

Fourteen-year-old boy, from Chicago, who was murdered in Mississippi, in 1955, supposedly because he whistled at a white woman.

Back 58

Emmett Till

Front 59

His murder was noted as one of the leading events that motivated the American Civil Rights Movement.

Back 59

Emmett Till

Front 60

Protest technique in which African Americans occupied a segregated establishment and demanded service.

Back 60

sit-in

Front 61

Were used to protest against segregation at lunch counters.

Back 61

sit-ins

Front 62

Technique used by civil rights activists to force segregated establishments to serve African Americans.

Back 62

sit-in

Front 63

The sit-in at a Woolworth's in this town in 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South.

Back 63

Greensboro, North Carolina

Front 64

Participants in sit-ins were often harassed and forced to spend time in ___.

Back 64

jail

Front 65

In 1960 in Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court expanded and earlier ban on segregation, on interstate buses, to include __________.

Back 65

bus terminals

Front 66

Organized by CORE, with the aid of SNCC, these were designed to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling, integrating bus terminals.

Back 66

Freedom Rides

Front 67

Civil Rights activists used interstate buses to protest segregation at terminals.

Back 67

Freedom Rides

Front 68

The Freedom Riders encountered violent resistance in the state of ______.

Back 68

Alabama

Front 69

This group of protestors received federal protection after being violently attacked in Alabama.

Back 69

Freedom Riders

Front 70

The first Freedom Ride died out in Jackson, Mississippi when the riders, and volunteers to replace them, were all ___.

Back 70

arrested

Front 71

Advanced the cause of civil rights by attempting to enroll at Ole Miss.

Back 71

James Meredith

Front 72

When a riot broke out over James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi HE sent army troops to restore order and protect Meredith.

Back 72

President Kennedy

Front 73

Martin Luther King, Jr., targeted THIS CITY, for demonstrations because he believed it to be the most segregated city in the country.

Back 73

Birmingham, Alabama

Front 74

When a court order directed the protestors in Birmingham to cease demonstrations, King decided to disobey the order and set an example of ___.

Back 74

civil disobedience

Front 75

Police commissioner of Birmingham who arrested King and other demonstrators.

Back 75

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Front 76

Wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."

Back 76

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Front 77

After being released from jail in Birmingham King decided to include THEM in the campaign.

Back 77

young people

Front 78

He arrested over 900 young people as they marched in Birmingham and used fire hoses and dogs on the protestors.

Back 78

"Bull" Connor

Front 79

When they watched the brutal tactics used by police against protestors in Birmingham, Alabama, on TV., even the ______________.

Back 79

opponents of civil rights were appalled

Front 80

Most Americans were angered by the treatment of demonstrators by the ________.

Back 80

Birmingham police

Front 81

The Birmingham protests led to the __________.

Back 81

desegregation of the city facilities

Front 82

The success at Birmingham proved the effectiveness of ____________.

Back 82

nonviolent protest

Front 83

He moved slowly at first on civil rights issues, to avoid offending southern Democratic senators, whose votes he needed on other issues.

Back 83

President Kennedy

Front 84

Civil Rights violence was an embarrassment for President Kennedy, when he met with other ______.

Back 84

world leaders

Front 85

Just hours after the broadcast of President Kennedy's speech for civil rights, this civil rights leader was gunned down.

Back 85

Medgar Evers

Front 86

Kennedy was prompted to propose a strong civil rights bill by the ____________.

Back 86

brutality against African Americans in Birmingham

Front 87

When civil rights leaders planned a march on Washington, to support his civil rights bill, Kennedy feared it would alienate congress and cause racial violence, but when he could not persuade organizers to call it off he ___________.

Back 87

gave it his support

Front 88

In August 1963, more than 200,000 people joined this demonstration to focus attention on Kennedy's civil rights bill.

Back 88

March on Washington

Front 89

Participants in this demonstration hoped to convince congress to pass civil rights legislation in 1963.

Back 89

March on Washington

Front 90

Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I have a Dream" speech was given at the ____________.

Back 90

March on Washington

Front 91

Was the highlight of the March on Washington.

Back 91

"I Have a Dream" speech

Front 92

Three months after the March on Washington President Kennedy ___________.

Back 92

was assassinated

Front 93

Was used by members of the Senate to prevent the Civil Rights bill of 1964 from coming to a vote.

Back 93

filibuster

Front 94

Enlisted the help of HIS former colleague, Republican minority leader Everett Dirksen, to invoke the cloture rule and end the filibuster against the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.

Back 94

President Johnson

Front 95

Was used to end the filibuster that was blocking the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.

Back 95

Cloture

Front 96

Landmark law, that outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations.

Back 96

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Front 97

Legislation that banned discrimination in all public facilities.

Back 97

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Front 98

After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the main emphasis of the Civil Rights movement became ensuring African Americans the right to _____.

Back 98

vote

Front 99

A campaign in the summer of 1964 to register blacks to vote in Mississippi, also set up freedom schools and freedom houses.

Back 99

Freedom Summer

Front 100

This project that was opposed by the NAACP and barely accepted by the SCLC, was organized by COFO and SNCC.

Back 100

Freedom Summer

Front 101

COFO a coalition of established civil rights organizations stands for ___.

Back 101

Council of Federated Organizations

Front 102

SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed Freedom Summer.

Back 102

Robert Moses

Front 103

During Freedom Summer James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were ____.

Back 103

murdered

Front 104

When the forces of white supremacy continued to block black voter registration, the Freedom Summer Project switched to building the ________.

Back 104

MFDP

Front 105

MFDP

Back 105

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Front 106

Members of the MFDP went to the Democratic National Convention in the summer of 1964, hoping to be seated in the convention instead of delegates of the regular democratic Mississippi party, which had prevented blacks from ___.

Back 106

registering to vote

Front 107

Lyndon B. Johnson feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign, so he prevented the MFDP from replacing the _______.

Back 107

regular Mississippi democratic delegation

Front 108

The goal of this demonstration was to get voting rights legislation passed.

Back 108

The Selma March

Front 109

Freedom Summer and the Selma March both drew attention to African Americans' lack of ____.

Back 109

voting rights

Front 110

Argued that Congress should support voting rights because they were guaranteed by the Constitution, and congressional members had sworn to uphold the constitution.

Back 110

President Johnson

Front 111

Argued that voting rights were not a "states rights" issue but a "human rights" issue.

Back 111

President Johnson

Front 112

Says that no person shall be kept from voting because of his race or color.

Back 112

the Constitution

Front 113

President Johnson argued that Congress must support voting rights because those rights are guaranteed in the ______________.

Back 113

Constitution

Front 114

Allowed federal official to ensure that blacks were not prevented from registering to vote, and effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers to blacks voting.

Back 114

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 115

Legislation that enabled more African Americans to register to vote.

Back 115

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 116

This piece of legislation resulted in many African Americans being elected at all levels of government.

Back 116

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 117

Many of the goals of the Civil Rights movement were not met, but after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, thousands of African Americans could _____.

Back 117

vote for the first time

Front 118

Two landmark civil rights laws passed during the Johnson presidency.

Back 118

Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 119

African American group, founded by Elijah Muhammad, that preached black separation and self-help.

Back 119

Nation of Islam

Front 120

Group of Black Muslims who preached black separation and self-help.

Back 120

Nation of Islam

Front 121

Elijah Muhammad taught that white society was ___.

Back 121

evil

Front 122

Unlike the early civil rights leaders, HE believed strongly that the races should be separated.

Back 122

Malcolm X

Front 123

While in prison he was converted to the Nation of Islam and came to believe in black separatism.

Back 123

Malcolm X

Front 124

Came into conflict with Elijah Muhammad, and while on a pilgrimage to Mecca he changed his views, rejecting the belief in black separatism and his hatred of whites.

Back 124

Malcolm X

Front 125

Nine months after Malcolm X came to reject the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and came to accept an Islam that was open to all people, he was ____________.

Back 125

Assassinated

Front 126

The idea that African Americans should unite, take pride in their heritage, and control their own organizations.

Back 126

black power

Front 127

SNCC leader who called on African Americans to support black power.

Back 127

Stokely Carmichael

Front 128

Idea that African Americans should take charge of their communities.

Back 128

black power

Front 129

This movement taught that African Americans should separate from white society and lead their own communities.

Back 129

black power

Front 130

Under his leadership SNCC became increasingly militant.

Back 130

Stokely Carmichael

Front 131

Militant Black Nationalist group, formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.

Back 131

Black Panthers

Front 132

Black Separatism is also called ___.

Back 132

Black Nationalism

Front 133

Black power group, that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities.

Back 133

Black Panthers

Front 134

Black power gave rise to the slogan _________.

Back 134

"Black is beautiful"

Front 135

The black power movement led to a serious split in the ____.

Back 135

Civil Rights movement

Front 136

The civil rights movement was split between those who favored militant black nationalism and separatism, and those who favored ______.

Back 136

peaceful desegregation

Front 137

His writings warned Americans that African Americans were angry and tired of waiting.

Back 137

James Baldwin

Front 138

He wrote about the violent consequences of segregation.

Back 138

James Baldwin

Front 139

Rigid pattern of separation, dictated by law in the South, prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Back 139

de jure segregation

Front 140

Actual, as opposed to legal, separation of whites and African Americans.

Back 140

de facto segregation

Front 141

Racial separation imposed by poverty and ghetto conditions.

Back 141

de facto segregation

Front 142

De facto segregation and poverty in black communities, in large cities, led to a series of ____.

Back 142

riots from 1964 to 1968.

Front 143

They were an explosion of anger that had been smoldering in the inner-city ghettos.

Back 143

riots

Front 144

Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated in what year?

Back 144

1968

Front 145

His assassination eroded faith in the idea of nonviolent change.

Back 145

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Front 146

Robert Kennedy's assassination ended many people's hopes for an inspirational leader who could heal the _____.

Back 146

nation's wounds

Front 147

Rose by 88% between 1970 & 1975.

Back 147

elected African American officials

Front 148

Making segregation illegal, opening the political process to more African Americans, & giving African Americans a new sense of pride.

Back 148

accomplishments of the civil rights movement

Front 149

In spite of the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still existed both economically and politically between _______.

Back 149

blacks and whites