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316 Cards in this Set
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Extreme Nationalism, State supremacy, one party rule, retention of private property
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Fascism
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Want a planned economy with private ownership of the means of production
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Fascists
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Philosophy that emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group and the supreme authority of the leader.
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fascism
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Want a planned economy with public ownership of the means of production
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Communists
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Want to maintain the class system with an authoritarian government
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Fascists
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Want to do away with the class system with an authoritarian government.
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Communists
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Believed workers of all countries should unite in a class struggle
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communists
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Fascists believed the state should have an ______ leader
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authoritarian
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Both Fascists and Communists believe in
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Dictatorial one-party rule
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Under Fascism and Communism opposition was _____-
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outlawed'
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A one-party dictatorship attempts to control every aspect of citizens' lives.
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totalitarian state
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Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union developed into a _________.
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totalitarian state
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In the Soviet Union the government made most economic decisions.
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command economy
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Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on state owned farms.
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collectives
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Because farmers resisted collectivization Stalin seized all their grain and left peasants to starve.
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Terror Famine
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Fearing rival party leaders were plotting against him Stalin launched the _________.
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Great Purge
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Resulted in the killing or imprisonment of at least four million people in the Soviet Union.
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Great Purge
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Joseph Stalin dominated the Soviet Union by using tactics of __________.
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terror and purges
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Stalin attempted to modernized agriculture in the Soviet Union through _____.
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collectivization
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In order to modernize agriculture in the Soviety Union, Joseph Stalin combined small family farms into ___________ run by the state.
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collective farms
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Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II.
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Joseph Stalin
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Historical event that contributed to the rise of fascism in both Italy and Germany, and the rise of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union.
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World War I
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First European country to become fascist.
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Italy
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Fascist Party leader who became dictator of Italy.
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Benito Mussolini
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Feared high inflation and or high unemployment might lead to a communist revolution
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middle and upper class
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Have the most to lose in a communist revolution
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middle and upper class
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Middle and upper classes supported Mussolini because they feared a ______-
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communist revolution
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Won support in Italy by attacking communists
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Benito Mussolini
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Nickname for Mussolini's private troops he used to take power in Italy
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Black shirts
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Fascist gang in Italy.
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Blackshirts
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He used gangs of Fascist thugs to terrorize his opponents in Italy.
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Benito Mussolini
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Mussolini and his Black shirts marched on Rome in _______ (year)
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1922
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When Mussolini marched on Rome the Italian King asked him to form a government as ______.
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Prime Minister
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After Mussolini was named Prime Minister he used secret police and propaganda to ______-
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eliminate all opposition
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During the 1930s Italy, Germany, and Japan all sought to solve their nations problems through ______.
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conquest
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Both Mussolini and Hitler saw expansion of their territory as a way to increase ______.
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national pride
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Did not completely destroy Germany but created a motive for revenge.
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Versailles Treaty
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Germany's solution to war reparations following WWI.
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Printing money
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Just printing money resulted in extremely high _______.
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inflation
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Economic problem in Germany from 1918-23.
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inflation
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Democratic Government set up in Germany after WWI.
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Weimar Republic
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Became a scapegoat for Germany's problems after WWI.
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Weimar Republic
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Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for their __________.
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defeat in World War I
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Was doomed to failure by the harshness of the Versailles Treaty.
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Weimar Republic
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When difficulties arise people are often willing to sacrifice democracy in exchange for _________.
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strong leadership
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By the autumn of 1923 it was worthless
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German Mark (unit of currency)
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Enabled Germany to recover from its tremendous inflation
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Dawes Plan
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$200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German economy.
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Dawes Plan
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National Socialist German Worker's Party
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Nazi
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Became the fuehrer (leader) of the Nazi Party.
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Adolf Hitler
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Attempted a coup in Munich in 1923
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Adolf Hitler
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After the attempted coup in 1923 Hitler was
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Imprisoned
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While in prison Hitler wrote ______-
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Mein Kampf
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Title of Hitler's autobiography.
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Mein Kampf
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Set forth Hitler's objectives for Germany
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Mein Kampf
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Nazism was an extreme form of _____.
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fascism
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Lost popularity during the prosperity of the 1920s
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Nazis
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Results in both Communists and Nazis gaining popularity in the 1930s
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Great Depression
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Because of the depression Germans began to feel they had to choose between _______
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Communism and Nazism
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Nazi private army
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Storm Troopers
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Engaged in terrorism to help the Nazis come to power
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Storm Troopers
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Nickname for the Nazi Storm Troopers
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Brown Shirts
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German initials for Storm Troopers
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SA
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Industrialists, upper class and the middle class backed Hitler because they feared they might lose everything to a ______
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communist revolution
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Ruling body under the Weimar Republic.
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Reichstag
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In 1933 President Hindenburg named Hitler
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Chancellor
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As Chancellor Hitler called for new______
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Reichstag elections
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Enabled the Nazis and their allies to win a majority of seats in the Reichstag.
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Reichstag Fire
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The Nazis blamed the Reichstag fire on the _____
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Communists
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After gaining a two-third majority the Nazi's passed the ______-
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Enabling Act
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The Enabling Act made Hitler the ______
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Dictator of Germany
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The Axis Powers were named for the "axis" between _______.
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Berlin and Rome
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During the 1930s, Hitler, Mussolini, and the military leaders of Japan began _______.
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invading neighboring lands
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In 1936 Italy conquered
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Ethiopia
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Keeping the peace by giving into an aggressor's demands.
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appeasement
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When Hitler first began to violate the Treaty of Versailles, Britain and France followed a policy of _______.
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Appeasement
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Policy followed by Britain and France in the 1930s in an attempt to prevent war by giving into some of Germany's demands.
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appeasement
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Hitler began to violate it provisions step by step.
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Versailles Treaty
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First violation of the Versailles Treaty.
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German Rearmament
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After Hitler rearmed his second violation of the Versailles Treaty was to occupy the demilitarized zone of the _______.
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Rhineland
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Hitler annexed Austria with _______.
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no resistance
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Britain & France give up the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to maintain peace.
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Munich Pact
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Germany, Italy, and Japan (1936)
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Axis Powers
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Led revolt against the elected government in Spain.
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Francisco Franco
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Used German and Italian troops against Spain's Republican army.
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Francisco Franco
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During Spain's civil war western democracies _____.
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remained neutral
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The government established by Franco in Spain was _______.
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Fascist
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Spanish military dictator.
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Francisco Franco
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British Prime Minister famous for appeasement.
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Neville Chamberlain
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British Prime Minister who signed a peace accord in Munich.
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Neville Chamberlain
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Hitler violated the Munich Pact by taking ____.
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all of Czechoslovakia
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Government that exerts total control over a nation.
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totalitarianism
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Germany and Italy, later joined by Japan.
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Axis Powers
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The term Hitler used for more living space for Germans.
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Lebensraum
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Although Communists and Fascists were traditionally enemies, in 1939 Hitler made a nonaggression pact with _____.
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Joseph Stalin
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After Hitler had invaded Czechoslovakia and made a pact with Stalin, he invaded ____.
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Poland
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World War II started when Germany _____.
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invaded Poland
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Date of the beginning of World War II.
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1939
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German "lightning war"
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Blitzkrieg
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Quick surprise strikes by tanks supported by airplanes.
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Blitzkrieg
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Germany's tactic of striking quickly and deeply into enemy territory.
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blitzkrieg
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When invading Poland Hitler used the _____.
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blitzkrieg
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After Hitler invaded Poland, Britain and France __________.
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declared war on Germany
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Followed Britain and France declaring war on Germany.
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Phony War
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No fighting on land between the Allies and Germany.
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Phony War
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Those who fought against the Axis Powers.
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Allies
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Hitler's armies simply went around it from the North.
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Maginot Line
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Hitler used the Blitzkrieg to overrun this country in about a month in 1940.
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France
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British rescued 300,000 troops out of France at this port.
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Dunkirk
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In 1940, one of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare occurred at _______.
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Dunkirk
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Northern France was occupied by _____.
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Germany
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In Southern France the Germans set up a puppet government at _____.
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Vichy
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Policy followed by the Vichy government of France after Hitler conquered France.
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collaboration
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Close cooperation
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collaboration
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French government in exile in London.
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Free France
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Movement backed by the Free French.
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Resistance
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French underground movement to oppose the Germans.
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Resistance
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By 1940 Germany had gained control of most of __________.
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Western Europe
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Succeeded Neville Chamberlain as Britain's Prime Minister.
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Winston Churchill
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Hitler wanted to crush this country's air force to prepare to invade it.
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Britain
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The British RAF defeated the German Luftwaffe.
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Battle of Britain
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Battle in which Hitler launched the greatest air assault the world had yet seen.
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Battle of Britain
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New technology used by Britain in the Battle of Britain.
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Radar
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German Air Force.
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Luftwaffe
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RAF
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Royal Air Force
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Commander of the Luftwaffe
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Herman Goering
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Prevented a German invasion of Britain.
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Battle of Britain
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Great Britain held out against the German attack at the Battle of _____.
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Britain
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He inspired the British people to resist the German invasion.
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Winston Churchill
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When Hitler decided Germany needed more lebensraum he looked to the _____.
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east
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Head of the Soviet Union during WWII.
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Joseph Stalin
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After Hitler was unable to invade Britain he broke his non-aggression pact and invaded ____.
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the Soviet Union
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Ripped through the Soviet Union at first.
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Blitzkrieg
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The group of countries who opposed the Axis Powers.
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Allies
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In 1853 he sailed into Tokyo Bay and forced helped force the Japanese to open trade with foreigners.
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Matthew Perry
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By the beginning of World War I it had become the strongest East Asian nation.
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Japan
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The Japanese Army acted on its own to overrun the whole of Manchuria.
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Manchurian Incident
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In 1932, Manchuria was taken over by the _____.
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Japanese military
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The Manchurian Incident greatly increased ITS power over the Japanese government.
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Japanese military
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Puppet state after Manchuria was concquered by Japan.
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Manchukuo
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Date of the Manchurian Incident.
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1931
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In July of 1937, Japan resumed its invasion of ______.
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China
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Japanese soldiers brutalized or killed at least 100,000 civilians women or children in the former capital of China.
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"Rape of Nanjing"
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Britain sent a steady streamof supplies to the Chinese in their war with Japan over the _____.
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Burma Road
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A 700-mile-long highway linking Burma (present day Myanmar) to China.
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Burma Road
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Two enemy leaders in China who united to fight the Japanese.
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Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong
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Was created by Japan because it wanted the region's natural resources for its war against China.
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Greater East Asia-Co-Prosperity Sphere
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In September 1940, Japan allied itself with the _____.
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Axis Powers
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Avoiding political ties to other countries.
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isolationism
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After World War I Americans became ____.
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isolationists
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U.S. laws designed to keep the nation out of future wars.
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Neutrality Acts
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Group of American isolationists
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America First Committee
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Policy that required countries at war to pay casy for all nonmilitary goods and provide transport.
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cash and carry
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The America First Committee wanted to block any further ________.
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aid to Britain
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During the 1930s, the U.S. focused largely on ______.
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domestic affairs
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Were passed by congress and designed to limit international involvement.
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Neutrality Acts
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A group of isolationists that included Charles Lindbergh formed the ______.
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America First Committee
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Authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense was seen as vital to American security.
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Lend-Lease Act
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Act authorizing the President to aid any nation's whose defense he felt was vital to American security.
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Lend-Lease Act
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Part of American policy during the early years of WWII was to remain neutral while making war supplies _______.
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available to the Allies
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During the early years of WWII, even while supllying weapons to Britain and France the U.S. attempted to remain ______.
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neutral
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After Japanese forces took complete control of French Indochina FDR froze Japanese ______.
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financial assets in the U.S.
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After their assets were frozen in the U.S. the Japanese looked to the _______.
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Dutch East Indies for oil
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Militant Japanese general became prime minister in October of 1941.
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Tojo Hideki
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Japanese leaders believed they could cripple IT at Pearl Harbor.
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American naval fleet
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Prompted the U.S. to enter the war in 1941.
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Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
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Shortly after Congress passed a war declaration on Japan, __________.
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Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
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Brought the U.S. into World War II.
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
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Planned and executed the attack on Pearl Harbor.
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Admiral Yamamoto
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The U.S. entered World War II in ________. (year)
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1941
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The Selective Service Act in 1940 was the first U.S. _________.
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peacetime draft
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The Selective Training and Service Act required military service registration for all males between the ages of ______.
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21 and 36
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Referred to U.S. servicemen.
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GI
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Abbreviation of "Government Issue."
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GI
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To meet the demand for war material, the American government directed the _______.
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war production of businesses
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Super-agency established to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
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Office of War Mobilization
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It was created by President Roosevelt to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
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Office of War Mobilization
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Ford Motor Company converted from making cars to making _____.
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bombers
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He used mass production techniques to build Liberty ships.
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Henry Kaiser
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Vessels built in the U.S. that usually carried troops or war supplies.
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Liberty Ships
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Henry J. Kaiser contributed to the war effort through his revolutionary ______.
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production techniques
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Producing goods for the Allied forces caused the U.S. to begin to emerge from the _____
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Depression
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As a result of war production, employment increased and union membership _______.
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rose
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Two weeks after Pearl Harbor, labor and business representatives agreed to refrain from _____.
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strikes and lockouts
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When an employer keeps employees out of the workplace to avoid meeting their demands.
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lockout
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As the cost of living rose during the war unions found the no-strike agreement ______.
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hard to honor
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During the war, the most serious union-organized strikes took place in the ____.
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coal mines
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Work stoppages organized by workers and not endorsed by unions.
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wildcat strikes
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Bond drives, raising income tax, and deficit spending were all used to _______.
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finance the war
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Government savings notes bought by Americans to help finance World War II.
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war bonds
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Using borrowed money to finance war production is an example of what type of spending?
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deficit
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Borrowing money was a type of deficit spending used to ________.
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finance the war
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To make sure there was enough goods to supply the soldiers during world war II many goods were _____.
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rationed
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Americans were prevented from spending the high wages they earned in wartime jobs because of shortages of _________.
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consumer items
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Was established to both control war time inflation and oversee rationing.
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Office of Price Administration
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Agency set up to boost Americans' patriotism and sense of participation in the war effort.
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Office of War Information
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Patriotism and high morale characterized popular culture on the _______.
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home front
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Home project that raised about one third of the nation's vegetables during World War II.
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victory gardens
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A home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace produce sent to soldiers.
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victory gardens
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Drawn up by Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in August of 1941 IT established their joint aims and a set of principals for conducting the war.
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Atlantic Charter
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Roosevelt and Churchill first agreed on the strategy to concentrate on winning the _____.
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war in Europe
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Organization formed after World War II on the basis of the Atlantic Charter.
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United Nations
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Created at the end of World War II to keep the peace.
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United Nations
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Naval battle that pitted the U.S. and British navies against Germany.
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Battle of the Atlantic
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The U.S. and British Navy fought to keep THEM open because they were critical to British survival.
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Atlantic trade routes
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Were led by American and British warships to protect supply ships.
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Convoys
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Groups of as many as 20 German U-boats that carried out coordinated night-time attacks on convoys.
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wolf packs
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Resulted in German U-boat success rate plummeting.
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Long range sub-hunting aircraft
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Americans and British troops first fought together in ______. (place)
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North Africa
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Desert Fox, German General who at first had great success against the Allies in North Africa, eventually his army was driven back and forced to surrender.
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Erwin Rommel
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Rommel's threat to Egypt and the Suez Canal was halted in 1942 by the British under General Bernard Montgomery at ______.
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El Alamein
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On June 22, 1941 3.6 million German and other Axis troops invaded the _____.
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Soviet Union
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As the Soviet army was driven back by the Blitzkrieg it carried out a policy of _____.
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scorched earth
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In retreat destroying everything which might be useful to the enemy.
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scorched earth
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By the autumn of 1941, Germany had reached both ________.
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Moscow and Leningrad
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Wanted the U.S. & Britain to open a second front in France. (person)
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Joseph Stalin
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Even though Stalin desperately wanted the British and the U.S. to open a second front in France, to ease pressure on the Soviet Union, Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to invade _____.
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Italy
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After the Allies gained control of Africa, their next target was ____.
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Italy
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From North Africa the Allies attacked ______. (in 1943)
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Sicily and Italy
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Germany's advance in the Soviet Union in 1941 was halted by the ________.
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Russian winter
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In the summer of 1942 the Germans started a new offensive in the _________.
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Soviet Union
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In 1942 the Red Army made its stand at _____.
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Stalingrad
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In Stalingrad the Red Army defeated the Germans in _______.
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house to house combat
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Taking advantage of the Russian Winter the Soviets counter attacked at Stalingrad and on January 31, 1943 the ______.
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Germans surrendered
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Germans were finally halted in their advance into the Soviet Union at the _________.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Turning point of the war in the Soviet Union.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Defeated Germany in Russia. (a major factor)
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Russian Winter
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After the Germans started bombing cities in the battle of Britain both sides began to attack ___.
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civilian targets
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In the spring of 1943 in preparation for an eventual invasion of France the allies stepped up their bombing by _____.
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airplanes
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Technique by which planes scattered large numbers of bombs.
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carpet bombing
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In a technique developed by Britain's Royal Air Force, planes scattered bombs over widespread areas.
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carpet bombing
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Main cause of the loss of civilian lives.
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bombing by airplanes
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Beginning of the end of the war in Europe.
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Invasion of Normandy
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The Allied invasion of France forced Hitler to fight a war on _____.
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two fronts
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Beginning of the invasion of Normandy.
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D-Day
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Year of D-Day.
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1944
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Commanding General of the invasion of Normandy.
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Dwight Eisenhower
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Beginning of the Allied invasion to take back Europe from the Axis Powers.
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D-Day
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The beginning of the landing of Allied forces on France's Normandy coast.
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D-Day
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In December of 1944 Germany launched a counter attack which resulted in a bulge in the Allied lines and the __________.
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Battle of the Bulge
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Largest battle fought in Western Europe during World War II.
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Battle of the Bulge
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After the Battle of the Bulge most Nazi leaders recognized that the war was ______.
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lost
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Soviets and Americans met in Germany at the _______.
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River Elbe
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Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders.
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V.E. Day
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On May 8, 1945 it marked the end of the war in Europe.
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V-E Day
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Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin met to plan the end of the war.
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Yalta Conference
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At Yalta Stalin promised to allow THEM in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from Germany.
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free elections
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After IT surrendered the Allies decided to divide it into four parts, to be governed by Britain, the U.S., the Soviets, and France.
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Germany
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Hitler believed they were a master race.
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Aryans
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Discrimination or hostility, often violent toward Jews.
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anti-Semitism
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To get rid of the Jews was one of THEIR main goals in the 1930s.
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Nazis
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Stripped the Jews of their German citizenship.
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Nuremberg Laws
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The night during which Nazi thugs, carrying out the first organized attacks on Jews, looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues.
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Kristallnacht
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At the Wannsee Conference it was decided that to kill all the Jews was the "_____."
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final solution to the Jewish question
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Conference where the Nazis decided on the "final solution."
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Wannsee Conference
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Hitler's plan to murder all the Jews.
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"Final Solution"
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Nazi Germany's systematic murder of European Jews.
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Holocaust
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Nazis sent Jews and political opponents to ____.
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Concentration camps
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Nazis forced Jews, poles, & Soviet Slavs to work as _____.
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slave labor
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Carried out Hitler's policy of exterminating the Jews.
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SS
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A type of concentration camp that existed only for mass murder.
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death camp
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Death camp in Poland where 4 million inmates mostly Jews were murdered.
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Auschwitz
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Number of Jews killed in the Holocaust
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6 million
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In April of 1943, the Jews in Warsaw engaged in a month-long revolt against _______.
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deportation to Treblinka (death camp)
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Finally created by Roosevelt in 1944, to try to help the Jews in Germany.
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the War Refugee Board
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Nazis tried for war crimes.
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Nuremburg Trials
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The concept that individuals are responsible for their own actions, and can't simply claim that they were following orders came out of the ___.
|
Nuremberg Trials
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Just hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Clark Field an American air base in the ________.
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Philippines
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When the Japanese advanced against his troops in the Philippines he was forced to leave.
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General MacArthur
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Promised "I shall return," to the Philippines.
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General Douglas MacArthur
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After the fall of the Philippines to Japan out of the 600,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners, forced to march 70 miles to prison camps, over 100,000 died of starvation and maltreatment.
|
Bataan Death March
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First air raid on Tokyo did little physical damage but shocked Japan and boosted Allied morale.
|
Doolittle Raid
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The battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal were all fought in the ______.
|
Pacific
|
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Allied victory that prevented the Japanese from establishing the bases they needed to invade Australia.
|
Battle of the Coral Sea
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Critical new naval weapon of WWII.
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Aircraft Carrier
|
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Turning point in the Pacific War.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
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Commander of the American Pacific fleet, directed the victory at the Battle of Midway.
|
Admiral Nimitz
|
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In this battle the Japanese lost all four carriers and 250 planes.
|
Battle of Midway
|
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Victory that allowed the Allies to take the offensive in the Pacific.
|
Battle of Midway
|
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Battle in which Marines had their first taste of jungle fighting and the first time the Allies had conquered a piece of Japanese-held territory.
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Battle of Guadalcanal
|
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Offensive strategy of American admirals to beat the Japanese in the Pacific.
|
island hopping
|
|
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U.S. policy of leap frogging over Islands that were well fortified by the Japanese and attacking less fortified islands, that strategically enabled the U.S. to move toward Japan.
|
Island hopping
|
|
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With the use of blockades islands which were leap frogged were left to _____.
|
"wither on the vine"
|
|
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Their island-hopping strategy, put the Allies in a position to __________.
|
bomb Japan
|
|
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Greatest Naval Battle in World History.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
|
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First Battle in which the Japanese used Kamikazes.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
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Bomb-loaded planes whose pilots deliberately crashed into targets.
|
kamikazes
|
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The U.S. awarded 27 Medals of Honor for actions in this battle, more than in any other single operation of the war.
|
Battle of Iwo Jima
|
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Admiral Nimitz described this island as a place in which "uncommon valor was a common virtue."
|
Iwo Jima
|
|
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Victory in this battle opened the way for an Allied invasion of Japan.
|
Battle of Okinawa
|
|
|
U.S. government project to develop an atomic bomb.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
|
Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic Bomb to avoid _______.
|
invading Japan
|
|
|
The dropping of atomic bombs by the U.S. on Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally brought an ____.
|
end to World War II
|
|
|
Japan accepted American terms for surrender after atomic bombs were dropped on ______.
|
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
|
|
|
Less than a week after the destruction of Nagasaki ________.
|
Japan surrendered
|
|
|
World War II ended in _______. (year)
|
1945
|
|
|
The number of deaths in World War II was as many as ________.
|
50 million
|
|
|
Even in the North during the war years they faced discrimination in employment, housing, and education.
|
African Americans
|
|
|
Was created by the federal government to act against employment discrimination.
|
Fair Employment Practices Committee
|
|
|
During World War II, African Americans fought in ________.
|
segregated units
|
|
|
Took direct action to promote racial equality on the home front during the war.
|
African Americans
|
|
|
Founded in 1942, in Chicago, it believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.
|
CORE
|
|
|
CORE
|
Congress of Racial Equality
|
|
|
Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.
|
braceros
|
|
|
Spanish-speaking neighborhoods.
|
barrios
|
|
|
Mexican American laborers often lived in ____.
|
barrios
|
|
|
Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific.
|
"code talkers"
|
|
|
Japanese Americans born in the U.S. of parents who emigrated from Japan.
|
Nisei
|
|
|
Long-held prejudice, and fears inflamed by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, led the government to evacuate _________.
|
Japanese Americans from the West Coast
|
|
|
Centers in remote inland areas where Japanese Americans were confined during World War II.
|
internment camps
|
|
|
During World War II, many Japanese Americans were confined to camps in isolated areas or ________.
|
interned
|
|
|
Wartime hysteria in the U.S. resulted in the _____.
|
internment of Japanese Americans
|
|
|
Year Congress finally passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000 tax free and an apology.
|
1988
|
|
|
Because of the war THEY began to work in large numbers as steelworkers and welders.
|
women
|
|
|
Image used to attract women to wartime workforce.
|
Rosie the Riveter
|
|
|
After the war THEY were expected to leave their jobs and return home.
|
women
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