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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The sum of an individual's; behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
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Personality
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Fairly stable pattern of: thoughts, feelings and actions that are typical of a person
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Personality
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Determines how we react in specific situations
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Personality
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Determines how we adjust to our environment
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Personality
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Personality develops throughout a ___________
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Lifetime
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personality develops fastest during _________
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Childhood
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Personality traits change slower during _______
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Adulthood
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Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
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Hereditary
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Heredity versus environment and social learning
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Nature versus nurture
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The nature versus nurture debate deals with ____
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Personality development
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Heredity (name)
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nature
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Environment and socialization (name)
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nurture
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Advocates of the nature viewpoint believe much human behavior is _________
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instinctual
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Biologically inherited behavior pattern
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instinct
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Sets limits on the socialization process
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nature/heredity
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Nurture advocates attribute personality to _____
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environmental factors
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Capacity for mental achievement
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intelligence
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Most social scientists consider intelligence to be _________.
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largely learned
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Jean Piaget concluded that children learn how to think by passing through _________
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stages of cognitive development
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Swiss Psychologist who dealt with the cognitive development of children
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Jean Piaget
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Cognitive
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mental intellectual
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According to Piaget the human mind has inherent structure that _______.
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determines what can be learned
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Determines rate of cognitive development.
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social forces
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Systematic study of the biological basis for all social behavior
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sociobiology
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Places a strong emphasis on the genetic basis of human behavior
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sociobiology
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Most social scientists believe personality is the result of a blending of __________.
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heredity and environment/nature & nurture
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Most social scientists believe the greatest influence on personality comes from ______.
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environmental factors/nurture
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Birth order, parents, cultural environment and heredity _______.
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influence personality
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How children should feel is ________.
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learned
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How to express or conceal emotions is _______.
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learned
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How to produce or eliminate feelings is _____.
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learned
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Ability to associate emotions with the proper experiences.
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emotional logic
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Emotional logic is _________.
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learned
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Sigmund Freud's system.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud believed that psychological problems could be traced to _________.
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repressed childhood experiences
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According to Freud personality depends on how the individual's ____________.
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Id is shaped and controlled during childhood
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The irrational part of the personality concerned with seeking pleasure. (Freud)
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Id
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Inborn desire to enjoy ourselves. (Freud)
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Id
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Part of the personality that is rational and deals with the word logically. (Freud)
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Ego
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Part of the psyche that experiences the outside world and reacts to it. (Freud)
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Ego
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The moral part of a personality, the "conscience." (Freud)
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Superego
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Reflects society's ideals and prohibitions. (Freud)
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Superego
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The referee between the Id and the superego.
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Ego
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Believes all behavior is the result of rewards and punishments (perspective)
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Behavioral Psychology
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According to Behavioral Psychology, personality is just the sum total of a persons ______.
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reinforcements and punishments
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According to Behavioral Psychology, the behaviors that become a part of our personality are the ones which are _______.
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reinforced
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Behavioral psychology supports the _________
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Nurture argument
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Two leading Behavioral Psychologists.
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Watson and Skinner
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Wrote Beyond Freedom and Dignity.
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B.F. Skinner
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Are more likely to be achievement-oriented, cooperative, and cautious
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First Borns
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Tend to be; better in social relationships, more affectionate and creative.
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later-borns
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Determines the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society.
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cultural environment
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experience the same "culture" in different ways. (often)
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males and females
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Image of what one is supposed to be and do on the basis of their sex.
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gender identity
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A capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge
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Aptitude
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An aptitude which is a NATURAL talent is the result of _________
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heredity/nature
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Provides us with biological needs.
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heredity/nature
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Determines how we meet biological needs.
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culture
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Places limits on what is possible for an individual.
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heredity/nature
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The importance of culture and social learning on personality development has been shown by _______.
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cases of isolation
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Interactive process through which individuals learn.
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socialization
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Transmitting cultural values to members.
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socialization
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Skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns are learned through ________.
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socialization
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Our conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity.
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self or sense of self
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Tabula Rasa
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Blank Slate
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Believed each newly born individual was a Tabula Rasa. (person) (17th century philosopher)
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John Locke
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According to Locke we are born without a ______.
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Personality
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We develop our sense of being distinct through _____.
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socialization
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John Locke believed he could shape newborns into ______.
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anything he wanted
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Psychologists who agreed with Locke's blanks slate theory. (names)
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Watson and Skinner
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Watson and Skinner's school of Psychology.
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Behavioralism (Behavioral Psychology)
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A process by which we absorb those aspects of culture we encounter.
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socialization
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Believed all children go through three levels of moral development. (person)
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Define right and wrong according to immediate reward or punishment. (Kohlberg)
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Preconventional morality
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Define right and wrong according to the motive of the action. (Kohlberg)
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Conventional morality
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Judge actions taking into account conflicting norms. (Kohlberg)
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Postconventional morality
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Socialization's most important function. (functionalism)
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ensuring order
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Conflict perspective believes socialization can be harmful because __________.
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parents are given too much power
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Developed the idea of the " looking glass self." (person)
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Charles Cooley
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According to the "looking glass self" our image of ourselves is based on how we imagine we _________.
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appear to others
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I am not who I think I am, I am not who you think I am, I am who I think you think I am.
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Looking Glass Self
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The "looking glass self" comes from the_____.
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interactionist perspective
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A newborn baby has no sense of ________.
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Self
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From the interactive process a child develops a sense of _______.
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self
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Developed the idea of role-taking.
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George Herbet Mead
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Mead's perspective.
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interactionist (symbolic Interactionist)
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Putting ourselves in the place of others. (Mead)
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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Taking or pretending to take the role of others.
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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According to Mead it forms the basis for the socialization process.
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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Role-taking allows us to anticipate what others _______.
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expect of us
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Role-taking allows us to see ourselves through the ________.
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eyes of others
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We first internalize the expectations of ______.
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significant others
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Those closest to us.
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significant others
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Significant others have direct influence on our _______.
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socialization
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The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.
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generalized other
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As we grow older it takes added importance in guiding our behavior.
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generalized other
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Internalizing the values of society is taking the role of the ___________. (Mead)
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generalized other
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We come to internalize the generalized other through
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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Seeing the world through someone else's eyes.
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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Imitation, play, and games are Mead's 3 steps of.
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role-taking/ taking the role of the other
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Two related parts of the "self." (Mead)
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"I" and "Me"
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The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of our personality.
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"I"
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The part of our identity that is aware of society's expectations. (Mead)
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"Me"
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Our socialized self. (Mead)
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"me"
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Stronger component of a child's personality. (Mead)
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"I"
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Gains power through the socialization process.
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me
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Brings our actions in line with society's expectations. (Mead)
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"me"
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The "me" never totally______.
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dominates the "I"
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Part of the personality which makes us look alike. (Mead)
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"me"
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Part of the personality which makes us unique.
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"I"
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When children learn from their parents that they exist and are different. (Wiley)
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"the we"
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Wiley believed the "I" developed from _____.
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"the we"
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Provide situations in which socialization occurs.
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Agents of Socialization
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Family, peer groups, school, and the mass media.
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agents of socialization
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Most important agent of socialization.
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Family
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Principal socializer of young children.
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Family
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Socialization in the family can be both deliberate and _____.
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unconscious
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Deliberate and unconscious socialization sometimes ______ .
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conflict
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A close group of roughly equal age and social characteristics.
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Peer Group
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In peer group socialization the goal is to _____.
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fit in
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Peer group socialization is ______.
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unstructured
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The agent of socialization in which you are now participating.
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School
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TV. Radio, newspapers, books, etc.
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Mass Media
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Reaches large audiences, no personal contact.
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Mass Media
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People are isolated from the rest of society.
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total institution
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Total institutions are primarily concerned with_________.
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resocialization
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Break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.
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resocialization
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Dehumanizing of individuals in a total institution.
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mortification of the self
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To resocialize someone it helps to shake their _____.
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sense of self
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Someone who's approval we desire.
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significant other
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To successfully be able to interact with another person you must be able to _______.
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empathize with them
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When you empathize with someone in order to communicate.
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"taking the role of the other"/Role-taking
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Learning roles that one has already acquired.
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developmental socialization
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Prepares a person to assume a role in the future.
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anticipatory socialization
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Erik Erikson believed adult personality develops in response to a _________,
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series of crisis
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According to Dennis Wrong we are NOT puppets of society because we are NOT ______.
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entirely socialized
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Socializing influences are NOT always ______.
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consistent
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Feminist Theory sees gender identities as developed under the influence of ______.
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Patriarchy
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May account for similar socialization practices in different societies.
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Biological factors
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Violating significant social norms.
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deviance
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A mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant apart.
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stigma
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What is considered deviant varies over _____.
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time
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What is considered deviant varies from _______.
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place to place
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What is considered deviant is determined by _____.
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public consensus or powerful groups/culture
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Deviance benefits society by enhancing conformity, strengthening social solidarity, safely releasing discontent, and inducing social change.
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Durkheim's "Functions" theory
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Low levels of deviance actually serve some____.
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positive functions
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Deviance can unify a ______.
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group
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Deviance helps clarity _______.
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norms
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Deviance helps diffuse _______.
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tension
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Deviance provides ______.
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jobs
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Deviance helps induce _______.
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social change
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Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of values, norms and structure of society.
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Structural-Strain Theory
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Deviance is the result of accepting societies goals but not having access to legitimate means.
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Structural-Strain Theory
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The strain of incompatible goals and means results in ______.
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Anomie
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Normlessness
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Anomie
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Norms are unclear and no longer applicable.
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Anomie
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Leaves individuals without sufficient guidelines for behavior.
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Anomie
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He developed the Structural-Strain Theory.
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Robert Merton
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Durkheim developed the idea of anomie to explain why nations undergoing industrialization had high rates of ______.
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Suicide
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To accept both cultural goals and approved means.
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Conformity
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To accept cultural goals but reject approved means.
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Innovation
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Give up on cultural goals but continue to follow rules. (means)
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Ritualism
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Reject both cultural goals and acceptable means.
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Retreatism
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Reject both cultural goals and means but substitute new ones.
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Rebellion
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Views deviance as the result of individuals not having strong enough ties to the community.
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Hirschi's Control Theory
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The wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized.
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Disintegrative Shaming
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Making wrongdoers feel guilty while showing them understanding, forgiveness, or even respect.
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Reintegrative Shaming
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Disintegrative shaming causes deviance.
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Braithwaite's Shaming Theory
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Views deviance as the result of competition and social inequality.
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Conflict theory
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Deviance is the result of class struggle.
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Conflict theory
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Marxists believe deviance stems from the exploitative nature of _____.
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capitalism
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The powerful have greater; deviant motivation, opportunity and weaker social control.
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Power Theory
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Powerful engage in profitable deviance and the powerless in unprofitable deviance.
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Power Theory
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Views deviance as learned behavior.
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Cultural-Transmission Theory
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Proportion of association a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.
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Differential Association
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According to cultural-transmission theory the reason some learn non-deviance while others learn deviance.
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Differential Association
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If a person interacts mostly with deviants they will learn to be deviant.
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Cultural-Transmission Theory
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Cultural-transmission theory views all individuals as _______.
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conformists
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Being labeled deviant by society leads people to see themselves as deviant and to live up to this self image.
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Labeling Theory
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Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority.
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Primary deviance
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Results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true.
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Secondary Deviance
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Being labeled deviant can force an individual into a_____.
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deviant lifestyle
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Social Control is needed because socialization is ______.
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never complete
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As society becomes more heterogeneous and impersonal there is a greater need for _____.
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formal social controls
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Deviant behavior is seen as unwilling and caused by disease.
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Medicalization of Deviance
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