Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chloroplast
|
a chlorophyll-containing organelle found in eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis
|
|
stroma
|
The fluid-filled inner portion of a chloroplast
|
|
slime layer
|
A thin protective structure loosely bound to the cell wall that protects the cell against drying, helps trap nutrients, and sometimes binds cells together
|
|
vibrio
|
A comma-shaped bacterium
|
|
volutin
|
(also called metachromatic granule) Polyphosphate granules
|
|
conjugation pilus
|
(also called sex pilus) A type of pilus that attaches two bacteria together and provides a means for the exchange of genetic material
|
|
eukaryotic cell
|
A cell that has a distinct cell nucleus and other membrane bound structures
|
|
haploid
|
A eukaryotic cell that contains a single, unpaired set of chromosomes
|
|
peptidoglycan
|
(also called murein) A structureal polymer in the bacterial cell wall that forms a supporting net
|
|
capsule
|
(1) A protective structure outside the cell wall, secreted by the organism, (2) A network of connective fibers covering organs such as the lymph nodes
|
|
group translocation
|
An active transport process in bacteria that chemically modifies a substance so it cannot diffuse out of the cell
|
|
chemostat
|
A device for maintaining the logarhythmic growth of a culture by the continuous addition of fresh medium
|
|
RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid) |
Nucleic acid that carries information from DNA to sites where proteins are manufactured in cells and that directs and participates in the assembly of proteins
|
|
phagocytosis
|
Ingestion of solids into cells by means of the formation of vacuoles
|
|
peroxisome
|
An organelle filled with enzymes that in animal cells oxidate amino acids and in plant cells oxidize fats
|
|
endotoxin
|
(also called lipopolysaccharide) A toxin incorporated in Gram-negative bacterial cell walls and released when the bacterium dies
|
|
spindle apparatus
|
A system of microtubules in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that guides the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosos
|
|
isotonic
|
Fluid containing the same concentration of dissolved materials as in a cell; causes no change in cell volume
|
|
flagellum
|
(plural: flagella) A long, thin, helical appendage of certain cells taht provides a means of locomotion
|
|
spheroplast
|
A Gram-negative bacterium that lacks the cell wall but has not lysed
|
|
chromatin
|
The appearance of chromosomes as fine threads in cells
|
|
microfilament
|
A protein fiber that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells
|
|
chromosome
|
A structure that contains the DNA of organisms.
|
|
micrococci
|
Aerobes or facultative anaerobes that form irregular clusters by dividing in two or more planes
|
|
lipopolysaccharide
|
(also called endotoxin) Part of the outer layer of the cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
The pressure required to prevent the net flow of water molecules by osmosis
|
|
bacillus
|
(plural: bacilli) A rodline bacterium
|
|
vesicle
|
A membrane-bound inclusion in cells
|
|
cell membrane
|
(also called plasma membrane) A selectively permeable lipoprotein bilayer that forms the boundary between a bacterial cell's cytoplasm and its environment
|
|
hydrophobic
|
Water-repelling
|
|
zygote
|
A cell formed by the union of gametes (egg and sperm)
|
|
mitochondrion
|
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that carries out oxidative reactions that capture energy
|
|
cytoplasm
|
The semifluid substance inside a cell, excluding, in eukaryotes, the cell nucleus
|
|
pseudopodium
|
A temporary footlike projection of cytoplasm associated with amoeboid movement
|
|
glycocalyx
|
term used to refer to all substances containing polysaccharides found external to the cell wall
|
|
microtubule
|
A protein tubule that forms the structure of cilia, flagella, and part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells
|
|
chromatophore
|
The internal membranes of photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria
|
|
matrix
|
Fluid-filled inner portion of a mitochondrion
|
|
polyribosome
|
(also called polysome) A long chain of ribosomes attached at different points along an mRNA molecule
|
|
dyad
|
A set of paired chromosomes in eukaryotic cells that are prepared to divide by mitosis or meiosis
|
|
simple diffusion
|
The net movement of particles from a region of higher to one of lower concentration; does not require energy from a cell
|
|
atrichous
|
A bacterial cell without flagella
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
A network of protein fibers that support, give rigidity and shape to a eukaryotic cell and provide for cell movements
|
|
coccus
|
(plural: cocci)
A spherical bacterium |
|
Pasteurella-Haemophilus group
|
Very small Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli that lack flagella and are nutritionally fastidious
|
|
peritrichous
|
Having flagella distributed all over the surface of a bacterial cell
|
|
granule
|
An inclusion that is not bounded by a membrane and contains compacted substances that do not dissolve in the cytoplasm
|
|
diploid fibroblast strain
|
A culture derived from fetal tissues taht retains fetal capacity for rapid, repeated cell division
|
|
hydrophilic
|
Water-loving
|
|
vegetative cell
|
A cell that is actively metabolizing nutrients
|
|
diplolid
|
A eukaryotic cell that has paired sets of chromosomes
|
|
osmosis
|
A special type of diffusion in which water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentratino across a selectively permeable membrane
|
|
amphitrichous
|
The presence of flagella at both ends of the bacterial cell
|
|
periplasmic space
|
The space between the cell membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria that is filled with periplasm
|
|
vacuole
|
A membrane-bound structure taht stores materials such as food or gas in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
|
|
lophotrichous
|
Having two or more flagella at one or both ends of a bacterial cell
|
|
teichoic acid
|
A polymer attached to peptidoglycan in Gram-positive cell walls
|
|
monotrichous
|
A bacterial cell with a single flagellum
|
|
fluid-mosaic model
|
Current model of membrane structure in which proteins are dispersed in a phospholipid bilayer
|
|
Eukarya
|
One of the 3 Domains of living things; all members are eukaryotic
|
|
pilus
|
(plural: pili) A tiny hollow projection used to attach bacteria to surfaces (attachment pilus) or for conjugation (conjugation pilus)
|
|
nuclear pore
|
An opening in the nuclear envelope that allows for the transport of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
|
|
crista (cristae)
|
A fold of the inner mitochondrial membrane
|
|
hypotonic solution
|
A solution containing a concentration of dissolved material lower than that within a cell
|
|
endocytosis
|
Process in which vesicles form by invagination of the plasma membrane to move substances into eukaryotic cells
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that receives, modifies, and transports substances coming from the endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
endosymbiotic theory
|
Holds that the organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotes that came to live, in a symbiotic relationship, inside the eukaryote-to-be cell
|
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
An extensive system of membranes that form tubes and plates in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids
|
|
organelle
|
An internal membrane-enclosed structure found in eukaryotic cells
|
|
cilium
|
(plural: cilia) A short cellular projection used for movement that beats in coordinated waves
|
|
prokaryotic cell
|
A cell that lacks a nucleus; inside all bacteria
|
|
spore
|
A resistant reproductive structure formed by fungi and actinomycetes; different from a bacterial endospore
|
|
nuclear region
|
(also called nucleoid) Central location of DNA, RNA, and some proteins in bacteria; not a true nucleus
|
|
spirillum
|
(plural: spirilla) A flexible, wavy-shaped bacterium
|
|
meiosos
|
Division process in eukaryotic cells taht reduces the chromosome number in half
|
|
thylakoid
|
an internal membrane of chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll
|
|
exocytosis
|
Process by which vesicles inside a eukaryotic cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents from the eukaryotic cell
|
|
lysosome
|
A small membrane-bound organelle in animal cells that contains digestive enzymes
|
|
inclusion
|
A granule or vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
|
|
metachromatic granule
|
(also called volutin) A polyphosphate granule that exhibits metachromasia
|
|
endospore
|
A resistant, dormant structure, formed inside some bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, that can survive adverse conditions
|
|
selectively permeable
|
Able to prevent the passage of certain specific molecules and ions while allowing others through
|
|
nuclear envelope
|
The double membrane surrounding the cell nucleus in a eukaryotic cell
|
|
phototaxis
|
A nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from light
|
|
amoeboid movement
|
Movement by means of pseudopodia that occurs in cells without walls, such as amoebas and some white blood cells
|
|
nucleoplasm
|
The semifluid portion of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
|
|
outer membrane
|
A bilayer membrane, forming part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria
|
|
active transport
|
Movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradiant; requires expenditure of energy of ATP
|
|
attachment pilus
|
(also called fimbria) Type of pilus that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces
|
|
periplasm
|
Those substances (enzymes, transport proteins) located in the periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria or in the older cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria
|
|
axial filament
|
(also called Endoflagellum) a subsurface filament attached near the ends of the cytoplasmic cylinder of spirochetes that causes the spirochete body to rotate like a corkscrew
|
|
plasma membrane
|
(also called a cell membrane) A selectively permeable lipoprotein bilayer that forms the boundary between the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell and its environment
|
|
bacteria
|
(singular: bacterium) All prokaryotic organisms
|
|
cytoplasmic streaming
|
Process by which cytoplasm flows from one part of a eukaryotic cell to another
|
|
hypertonic solution
|
A solution containing a concentration of dissolved material greater than that within a cell
|
|
secretory vesicle
|
Small membrane-enclosed structure that stores substances coming from the Golgi apparatus
|
|
metachromasia
|
Property of exhibiting a variety of colors when stained with a simple stain
|
|
cell wall
|
Outer layer of bacterial, algal, fungal, and plant cells that maintains the shape of the cell
|
|
pleomorphism
|
Phenomenon in which bacteria vary widely in form, even within a single culture under optimal conditions
|
|
L forms
|
Irregularly shaped naturally occurring bacterial with defective cell walls
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
Diffusion (down a concentration gradient) across a membrane (from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration) with the assistance of a carrier molecule, but not requiring ATP
|
|
granulation tissue
|
Fragile, reddish, grainy tissue made up of capillaries and fibroblasts that appears with the healing of an injury
|
|
protoplast
|
A Gram-positive bacterium from which the cell wall has been removed
|
|
spirochetes
|
Corkscrew-shaped motile bacteria
|
|
pellicle
|
(1) A thin layer of bacteria adhering to the air-water interface of broth culture by their attachment pili. (2) A strengthened plasma membrane of a protozoan cell. (3) Film over the surface of a tooth at the beginning of plaque formation
|
|
mitosis
|
Process by which the cell nucleus in a eukaryotic cell divides to form identical daughter nuclei
|
|
histone
|
A protein that contributes directly to the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
|
|
nucleolus
|
(plural: nucleoli) Area in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that contains RNA and serves as the site for the assembly of ribosomes
|