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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Microbiology?
Study of organisms
Examples of microorganisms
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, (worms), Algae
5 Main Uses of Microbes
(1) Immunology & Public Health epidemiology
(2) Food, dairy, and aquatic micro
(3) Agricultural Micro
(4) Biotechnology
(5) Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
Top 5 Infectious causes of death in US
1 - Respiratory infections (pneumonia, influenza)
2 - AIDS
3 - Diarrheal diseases (cholera, dysentery, typhoid)
4 - Tuberculosis
5 - Malaria
Top cause of death Worldwide
Respiratory infection
(pneumonia, influenza)
Two Cell Lines
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
No nuclei. No membrane-bound organelle. Microscopic, unicellular organisms.
Eukaryote
Nucleus and membrane-bound.
Unicellular and multicellular.
Viruses
Acellular. Parasitic particles. Nucleic acid and protein.
Not Alive.
Smallest living organism
Bacteria?
Robert Hooke
Cells. 1665.First one to see cork cells. Identified structures i.e. cell wall, membrane.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Using more refined microscope.
Looked at water in which he saw paramecia and amoebas. (animalcules).
Edward Jenner
Identified holistically how vaccines work. Understood immunity towards communicable diseases. Ppl exposed to cow pox didn’t get the full blown disease. “Prevention”
Lister
Introduced aseptic technique (washing hands/ disinfection)
Koch
1876.Koch’s postulates (Disease can be transmitted).
Developed the steps. “Cause and effect”
Louis Pasteur
Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.
Disproved spontaneous generation of microorgs “life from life.”
Developed pasteurization (prevents unwanted bacteria)
Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
Koch
Developed a sequence experimental steps verified germ theory. Identified the cause of anthrax, TB, cholera. Developed pure culture methods.
Alexander Fleming
1928. Penicillin. Accidental discovery.
Paul Ehrlich
1930s. Use of sulfur drugs.
Scientific Method & Steps
1 - Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
2 - Experimentation, analysis, support/refutes hypothesis.
Classification
Orderly arrangement of orgs into groups
Taxonomy
Carl Von Linne.
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
Classification levels
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
3 Domains
Bacteria - true bacteria
Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.
Eukarya - have a nucleus and organelles
How are organisms named?
Binomial nomenclature
Genus + Species
Capitalize Genus, lowercase species.
Both italicized or underlined.
Immunology
system of body defenses protecting against infection. Serology + Allergy.
Serology - looks for products of immune rcxns in blood/tissue and helps diagnose infections
Allergy - hypersensitive response to ordinary, harmless materials
Public Health & Epidemiology
Monitor and control disease spread in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO.
Food/Dairy/Aquatic Microbiology
Examines ecological and practical roles of microbes in food and water.
Agricultural micro
Concerned with the relationships btwn microbes and crops. To improve yields and prevent plant disease.
Biotechnology
Humans use metabolism of living things to arrive at a desired product.
I.e. bread making to gene therapy
Industrial Microbiology
Uses of micros to produce lg quantities of substances e.g. beer, vitamins, aminos, drugs, enzymes
Genetic Engineering and recombinant DNA technology
Alter genetic makeup of orgs to produce human-hormones and other drugs, create new substances...
Scientific Method steps
Inductive/Deductive approach
Observe/Form Hypothesis
Experimentation
Analysis
Theory vs. Law
Theory - collection of statements/concepts explaining or accounts for a natural event. Next step up from a hypothesis

Law - compelling theory with evidence of accuracy formed into a principle
Koch's postulates
1 - Microorgs isolated from dead animal.
2 - Microorgs grown in pure culture and identified.
3 - Microorgs injected into a healthy animal.
4 - Disease reproduced in 2nd animal and isolated from animal.
5 - Pathogenic microorgs grown in pure culture
6 - Identical microorgs identified.
Domain 1 - Archaea
Halophiles
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Domain 2 - Bacteria
Gram positive bacteria.
Gram negative bacteria.
Cyanobacteria.
Mycoplasma.
Domain 3 - Eukarya
Fungi.
Plants.
Animals.
Protists.
5 I's of Culturing
Inoculation
Isolation
Incubation
Inspection
Identification
Inoculation
Introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth.
Isolation
Separating one species from another
Incubation
Under conditions that allow growth
Inspection
Appearance of colonies
Identification
Further testing to ID
Colony
Consists of one species.
Mound of cells (growth).
Isolation techniques
Streak plate.
Pour plate.
Spread plate.
Streak plate
separation into quadrants
Microbes are are ubiquitous. T/F
True. Microbes can be found nearly everywhere.
Genetic Engineering
Newer area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms.
Recombinant DNA
One powerful technique for designing new organisms; makes it possible to deliberately alter DNA and to switch genetic material from one organism to another.
Bioremediation
Way of tapping into the unlimited potential of microorganisms; relatively new science; introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
How is bioremediation used?
Used to control the massive pollution from industry and modern living.
Handles oil spills; detoxify sites contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemical wastes.
Another use of bioremediation
Treatment of water and sewage
Parasites
microbes harbored and nourished in the bodies of larger organisms (hosts).
May cause harm (infection/disease)
Make up only small proportion of microbes.
Scientific Method
The general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon.
Hypothesis
Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured.
Deductive approach
Constructs hypothesis, tests its validity, performs experiment.
Aseptic techniques
Approach at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections.
Phylogeny
The natural relatedness between groups of living things.
Domain Bacteria
1 - Endospore producers
2 - Chlamydias
3 - Gram + bacteria
4 - Blue-green bacteria
5 - Rickettsias
Domain Archaea
1 - Methane producers
2 - Procaryotes that live in extreme small
3 - Procaryotes living in extreme heat
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes:
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
alga, bacterium, protozoan, mushroom
Mushroom
An area of microbiology that is occurred with the occurrence of disease in human poplns is ....
Epidemiology
Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material?
Recombinant DNA
A prominent difference between procaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the .....
Presence of a nuclues in eukaryotes
This was a part absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes.
Condenser
Abiogenesis refers to the what?
Spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter.
A hypothesis is defined as ...
a scientific explanation that is subject to testing.
Which early microbiologist was not responsible for developing sterile lab techniques?
Robert Koch
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
Louis Pasteur
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, is considered....
a theory
Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
How would you classify a virus?
Neither procaryotic, eukaryotic b/c it is not cellular and not alive.
Which of the following is not considered considered a microorg?
alga, bacterium, protozoan, mushroom
Mushroom
An area of microbio concerned with the occurrence of disease in human popln is...
Epidemiology
Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an orgnanism's genetic material?
Recombinant DNA
A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the ....
Presence of nucleus in Eukaryotes
What was the part absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
Condenser
Abiogenesis refers to the....
Spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
A hypothesis can be defined as ....
A scientific explanation that is subject to testing
Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing sterile lab techniques?
Robert Koch
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
Louis Pasteur
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered....
A theory.
Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
Which of the following are procaryotic?
bacteria, archaea, protists
Bacteria, Archaea
Which of the following is not an emerging infectious disease?
Avian influenza, SARS, common cold, AIDS
Common cold
How would you classify a virus?
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Neither
Neither: Not cellular, not alive.