Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Microbiology?
|
Study of organisms
|
|
Examples of microorganisms
|
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, (worms), Algae
|
|
5 Main Uses of Microbes
|
(1) Immunology & Public Health epidemiology
(2) Food, dairy, and aquatic micro (3) Agricultural Micro (4) Biotechnology (5) Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology |
|
Top 5 Infectious causes of death in US
|
1 - Respiratory infections (pneumonia, influenza)
2 - AIDS 3 - Diarrheal diseases (cholera, dysentery, typhoid) 4 - Tuberculosis 5 - Malaria |
|
Top cause of death Worldwide
|
Respiratory infection
(pneumonia, influenza) |
|
Two Cell Lines
|
Prokaryote
Eukaryote |
|
Prokaryote
|
No nuclei. No membrane-bound organelle. Microscopic, unicellular organisms.
|
|
Eukaryote
|
Nucleus and membrane-bound.
Unicellular and multicellular. |
|
Viruses
|
Acellular. Parasitic particles. Nucleic acid and protein.
Not Alive. |
|
Smallest living organism
|
Bacteria?
|
|
Robert Hooke
|
Cells. 1665.First one to see cork cells. Identified structures i.e. cell wall, membrane.
|
|
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
|
Using more refined microscope.
Looked at water in which he saw paramecia and amoebas. (animalcules). |
|
Edward Jenner
|
Identified holistically how vaccines work. Understood immunity towards communicable diseases. Ppl exposed to cow pox didn’t get the full blown disease. “Prevention”
|
|
Lister
|
Introduced aseptic technique (washing hands/ disinfection)
|
|
Koch
|
1876.Koch’s postulates (Disease can be transmitted).
Developed the steps. “Cause and effect” |
|
Louis Pasteur
|
Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.
Disproved spontaneous generation of microorgs “life from life.” Developed pasteurization (prevents unwanted bacteria) Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease |
|
Koch
|
Developed a sequence experimental steps verified germ theory. Identified the cause of anthrax, TB, cholera. Developed pure culture methods.
|
|
Alexander Fleming
|
1928. Penicillin. Accidental discovery.
|
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
1930s. Use of sulfur drugs.
|
|
Scientific Method & Steps
|
1 - Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
2 - Experimentation, analysis, support/refutes hypothesis. |
|
Classification
|
Orderly arrangement of orgs into groups
|
|
Taxonomy
|
Carl Von Linne.
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things. |
|
Classification levels
|
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
|
|
3 Domains
|
Bacteria - true bacteria
Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. Eukarya - have a nucleus and organelles |
|
How are organisms named?
|
Binomial nomenclature
Genus + Species Capitalize Genus, lowercase species. Both italicized or underlined. |
|
Immunology
|
system of body defenses protecting against infection. Serology + Allergy.
Serology - looks for products of immune rcxns in blood/tissue and helps diagnose infections Allergy - hypersensitive response to ordinary, harmless materials |
|
Public Health & Epidemiology
|
Monitor and control disease spread in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO.
|
|
Food/Dairy/Aquatic Microbiology
|
Examines ecological and practical roles of microbes in food and water.
|
|
Agricultural micro
|
Concerned with the relationships btwn microbes and crops. To improve yields and prevent plant disease.
|
|
Biotechnology
|
Humans use metabolism of living things to arrive at a desired product.
I.e. bread making to gene therapy |
|
Industrial Microbiology
|
Uses of micros to produce lg quantities of substances e.g. beer, vitamins, aminos, drugs, enzymes
|
|
Genetic Engineering and recombinant DNA technology
|
Alter genetic makeup of orgs to produce human-hormones and other drugs, create new substances...
|
|
Scientific Method steps
|
Inductive/Deductive approach
Observe/Form Hypothesis Experimentation Analysis |
|
Theory vs. Law
|
Theory - collection of statements/concepts explaining or accounts for a natural event. Next step up from a hypothesis
Law - compelling theory with evidence of accuracy formed into a principle |
|
Koch's postulates
|
1 - Microorgs isolated from dead animal.
2 - Microorgs grown in pure culture and identified. 3 - Microorgs injected into a healthy animal. 4 - Disease reproduced in 2nd animal and isolated from animal. 5 - Pathogenic microorgs grown in pure culture 6 - Identical microorgs identified. |
|
Domain 1 - Archaea
|
Halophiles
Methanogens Thermoacidophiles |
|
Domain 2 - Bacteria
|
Gram positive bacteria.
Gram negative bacteria. Cyanobacteria. Mycoplasma. |
|
Domain 3 - Eukarya
|
Fungi.
Plants. Animals. Protists. |
|
5 I's of Culturing
|
Inoculation
Isolation Incubation Inspection Identification |
|
Inoculation
|
Introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth.
|
|
Isolation
|
Separating one species from another
|
|
Incubation
|
Under conditions that allow growth
|
|
Inspection
|
Appearance of colonies
|
|
Identification
|
Further testing to ID
|
|
Colony
|
Consists of one species.
Mound of cells (growth). |
|
Isolation techniques
|
Streak plate.
Pour plate. Spread plate. |
|
Streak plate
|
separation into quadrants
|
|
Microbes are are ubiquitous. T/F
|
True. Microbes can be found nearly everywhere.
|
|
Genetic Engineering
|
Newer area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms.
|
|
Recombinant DNA
|
One powerful technique for designing new organisms; makes it possible to deliberately alter DNA and to switch genetic material from one organism to another.
|
|
Bioremediation
|
Way of tapping into the unlimited potential of microorganisms; relatively new science; introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
|
|
How is bioremediation used?
|
Used to control the massive pollution from industry and modern living.
Handles oil spills; detoxify sites contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemical wastes. |
|
Another use of bioremediation
|
Treatment of water and sewage
|
|
Parasites
|
microbes harbored and nourished in the bodies of larger organisms (hosts).
May cause harm (infection/disease) Make up only small proportion of microbes. |
|
Scientific Method
|
The general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon.
|
|
Hypothesis
|
Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured.
|
|
Deductive approach
|
Constructs hypothesis, tests its validity, performs experiment.
|
|
Aseptic techniques
|
Approach at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections.
|
|
Phylogeny
|
The natural relatedness between groups of living things.
|
|
Domain Bacteria
|
1 - Endospore producers
2 - Chlamydias 3 - Gram + bacteria 4 - Blue-green bacteria 5 - Rickettsias |
|
Domain Archaea
|
1 - Methane producers
2 - Procaryotes that live in extreme small 3 - Procaryotes living in extreme heat |
|
Domain Eukarya
|
Eukaryotes:
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists |
|
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
alga, bacterium, protozoan, mushroom |
Mushroom
|
|
An area of microbiology that is occurred with the occurrence of disease in human poplns is ....
|
Epidemiology
|
|
Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material?
|
Recombinant DNA
|
|
A prominent difference between procaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the .....
|
Presence of a nuclues in eukaryotes
|
|
This was a part absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes.
|
Condenser
|
|
Abiogenesis refers to the what?
|
Spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter.
|
|
A hypothesis is defined as ...
|
a scientific explanation that is subject to testing.
|
|
Which early microbiologist was not responsible for developing sterile lab techniques?
|
Robert Koch
|
|
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, is considered....
|
a theory
|
|
Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
|
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
|
|
How would you classify a virus?
|
Neither procaryotic, eukaryotic b/c it is not cellular and not alive.
|
|
Which of the following is not considered considered a microorg?
alga, bacterium, protozoan, mushroom |
Mushroom
|
|
An area of microbio concerned with the occurrence of disease in human popln is...
|
Epidemiology
|
|
Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an orgnanism's genetic material?
|
Recombinant DNA
|
|
A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the ....
|
Presence of nucleus in Eukaryotes
|
|
What was the part absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
|
Condenser
|
|
Abiogenesis refers to the....
|
Spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
|
|
A hypothesis can be defined as ....
|
A scientific explanation that is subject to testing
|
|
Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing sterile lab techniques?
|
Robert Koch
|
|
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered....
|
A theory.
|
|
Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
|
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
|
|
Which of the following are procaryotic?
bacteria, archaea, protists |
Bacteria, Archaea
|
|
Which of the following is not an emerging infectious disease?
Avian influenza, SARS, common cold, AIDS |
Common cold
|
|
How would you classify a virus?
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Neither |
Neither: Not cellular, not alive.
|