Mcb Final Readings

Front 1

What stimulates cells conversion from stem cells to either white or red blood cells?

Back 1

Cytokines

Front 2

What causes blood to clot outside of the body.

Back 2

In the blood plasma the protein fibrinogen is soluble once it interacts with air it converts to fibrin and clots

Front 3

What is the site of most ADAPTIVE (specific) immune response

Back 3

Lymph nodes and spleen

Front 4

APCs or Antigen presenting cells. Give 2 examples.

Back 4

Macrophages and Dendritic cells (differentiated MONOCYTES)

Front 5

What are the four phagocytic cells?

Back 5

Monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutriphils.

Front 6

What are the steps of phagocytosis

Back 6

1.) Phagocyte consumes the pathogen (phagosome)
2.) next the pathogen fuses with a lysosome= phagolysosome.

Front 7

Neutrophils actively fight infections what does their presence usually signify?

Back 7

that the infection is active (growing/spreading).

Front 8

How is pathogen recognition in phagocytosis acheived?

Back 8

PRM's pattern recognition molecules recognize PAMP pathogen-assoiciated molecular pattern. the recognition sends a transmembrane signal resulting in activation of the phagocyte.

Front 9

A common way in which phagocytic cells work is oxygen dependent?

Back 9

Use of highly toxic compounds such as peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, oxygen radicals, and nitric acid to kill ingested bacteria.

Front 10

Methods for avoiding pahocytosis

Back 10

1.) Carotenoids- neutralize radicals (Staph aureus)

2.) others grow in the phagocyte (Myco tuberculosis)

3.) produce luekocidins which allow pathogen to be ingested and then kill the phagocyte

4.)bacterial capsules

Front 11

The purpose of a bacterial capsule is to avoid phagocytes. Thus, antibiotics hindering capsules are given to enhance phagocytosis this process is called...

Back 11

OPSONIZATION

Front 12

What are the molecular mediaors of inflammation

Back 12

Cytokines and chemokines

Front 13

What phagocytic cell is first at the site of an infection? how is it attracted?

Back 13

Neutrophills; chemokines are chemoattractants (interleukin-8)

Front 14

In inflammatory response what is the purpose of a neutrophil

Back 14

to become activated and signal for macrophages (by secreting cytokines)

Front 15

Overview of the adaptive immune response

Back 15

Cytotoxic t cells attack and destroy antigen-bearing cells. T helper 1 cells secrete cytokines to attract and activate macrophages to help. Yet T helper 2 cells stimulate b cells to make antibodies.

Front 16

What is tolerance

Back 16

the acquired INABILITY to make an adaptive immune respose to an individuals antigens.

Front 17

Difference between antigens and immunogens

Back 17

A foreign cell is an antigen. A foreign cell that causes an immune response is an immunogen.

Front 18

what are haptens?

Back 18

in order for an immune response to occur, an antigen needs to be a certain Molecular weight. When it is too light it is called a hapten (antigen; not immunogen)...

Front 19

how do cytotoxic cells kill?

Back 19

1.) they release perforins (which create holes in the pathogen).
2.) they secrete proteins that lead the pathogen to apoptosis.

Front 20

What is the difference between Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells?

Back 20

NK cells respond in the abscence of MHC I.

Front 21

Recall function of

T1 helper cells-
T2 helper cells-

Back 21

T1= Activate macrophages
T2= Activate B cells to produce antibodies.

Front 22

How is the complement system ordered to act?

Back 22

Antibodies, themselves very specific, signal for the enactment of the ubiquiotous complement system.

Front 23

Besides it not being specific what is one major drawback of the complement system?

Back 23

it is inefficient against gram positive bacteria.

Front 24

Two methods for actvating complement sytem

Back 24

1.) classical complement- the result of antigen-antibody complex.

2.) Non antibody dependent- proteins activate the system.

Front 25

In DNA vaccines, a bacterial plasmid (coding for an antigenic characteristic of the pathogen) is injected into a host and the host creates antibodies. This process serves two purposes:

Back 25

1.) No chance of infection since there is no whole organism the body is becoming immune to a cell wall carbohydrate... etc.

2.) immunologists can choose what antigenic particle is best to make a person immune. (The most antigenic)

Front 26

what according to the book is the "real fxn of MHC proteins"

Back 26

to bind and present peptide antigens to T cells.

Front 27

there are two classes of MHC protein. where are they found and what is their fxn?

Back 27

MHC protein class # 1:
All nucleated cells
To present antigen for cytotoxic T cells.

MHC Protein class # 2:
found on B lymphocytes and monocyte derivatives (dendritic cells and Macrophages)
to present antigen to T helper cells who in turn either cause inflammation or antibody production.

Front 28

What is a major STRUCTURAL difference between MHC class 1 and class 2 proteins.

Back 28

MHC class 1: has closed ends and a small groove to bind to antigens (~8 AA in length)

Class 2: has open ends and a larger groove and can accomidate for larger antigens (of > 10 AA)

Front 29

What are the structural components of an antibody?

Back 29

Two heavy chains, two light chains. The upper opening is called the variable region this changes for all the different antibodies and recall this is where binding occurs.

Front 30

What is the function of interluken 1?

Back 30

to activate t helper cells in immune response (secreted by monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells).

Front 31

What is the fxn of IL 2?

Back 31

it is secreted by T helper 2 cells and activate the cells that just secreted it.

Front 32

What is the purpose of IL-4?

Back 32

to stimulate plasma cells of B cells to secrete antibodies.

Front 33

What is the purpose of Tumor necrosis factors?

Back 33

induces necrosis of tumors. But also similar in fxn to IL-1 which stimulates the fxn of t helper 1 cells. Also influential in producing inflammatory response.

Front 34

What is the purpose of chemokines such as (MCP-1)?

Back 34

Chemokines attract cells of the immune system particularly macrophages and T cells.

Front 35

what is polyclonal antisera?

Back 35

A mixture of antibodies "from different lines".

Front 36

what is a mono-clonal antibody?

Back 36

Antibodies made from a single cloned B cell

Front 37

What is the purpose of producing a hybridoma?

Back 37

Antibody secreting cells (Plasma B cells) are short lived and therefore inefficient to engineer antibodies. B plasma cells are fused with myelomas (cancerous cells) "immortal cells" to produce antibodies.

Front 38

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Back 38

A mouse is injected with the anitgen (whose antibody is of interest) and allow the mouse to make antibodies. Pieces of the mouses spleen are removed (house antibodies) and are cultured and fused with myelomas. Later those myeloma cells that are not dividing are seperated.

Front 39

The ability for an antibody to recognize a single antigen

Back 39

Specificity

Front 40

_______ defines the lowest amount of an antigen that can be detected.

Back 40

Sensitivity

Front 41

The only antibody-antigen complex test that quantifies sensitivity is

Back 41

ELISA

Front 42

the interaction of antibody with antigen to block or distort the antigen sufficiently to reduce or eliminate its effect

Back 42

Neutralization

Front 43

Neutralization reactions can occur

Back 43

in vivo or in vitro

Front 44

What are the major use of netutralization reactions?

Back 44

to neutralize toxins with antitoxin. such as exotoxin of botulism or tetanus.

Front 45

Two methods for conducting Elisa tests

Direct ELISA used for ?
Indirec Elisa used for ?

Back 45

Direct Elisa for ANtigens
INDIRECT elisa for antibodies

Front 46

HIV is determined by an Elisa test.

-what kind of ELISA?
-what do the results look like?

Back 46

Indirect elisa

Hiv particles are first added then 2 antibodies and finally the patient sample. Based on the COLOR is proportional to the amount of antibody found. (more antibody= more virus)