Mcb Exam 2

Front 1

first person to see & define microbes

Back 1

Robert Hooke

Front 2

Person who discovered immunization

Back 2

Edward Jenner

Front 3

Hyaluonidase

Back 3

Invasion enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid (main component in connective tissue)

Front 4

Collagenase

Back 4

Invasion enzyme that breaks down collagen

Front 5

Streptokinase

Back 5

invasion enzyme that affects cAMP levels

Front 6

Coagulase

Back 6

Invasion enzyme that coagulates blood around it and insulates itself with surroundings making it difficult for immune system to penetrate.

Front 7

Hemolysinase

Back 7

Invasion enzyme that breaks down Red Blood Cells

Front 8

Leukocidins

Back 8

Invasion enzymes that attack phagocytic cells.
Staphylococcus aureus has these.

Front 9

Lysozyme

Back 9

Found in the mouth and destroys bacterial cell walls

Front 10

Normal Flora in the Skin

Back 10

Staphylococcus Corynebacterium
they tolerate high salt levels

Front 11

Normal Flora in Mouth that cause tooth decay & plaque

Back 11

Streptococcus mutans
Lowers the pH and destroys enamel

Front 12

Normal Flora in the Stomach

Back 12

Lactobacilli

Front 13

Normal Flora in the Small Intestine

Back 13

Lactobacilli, Enterococci

Front 14

Normal Flora in the Large Intestine

Back 14

Enterococci, Bacteriodes

Front 15

Normal Flora in the Upper Respiratory

Back 15

Staph, Strep

Front 16

Normal Flora in the Bladder

Back 16

Few/None

Front 17

Normal Flora in the Urethra

Back 17

E. Coli, Proteus

Front 18

Normal Flora in the Vagina

Back 18

Lactobacilli

Front 19

Example of Opportunistic Pathogen

Back 19

Pseudomonas

Front 20

Comensals

Back 20

Two organism system where only one benefits and the other is unaffected.

Front 21

One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by mimicking the host's antigen... What is this called?

Back 21

Cross-Reactivity

Front 22

One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by causing a large T-Cell Response... What is this called?

Back 22

Superantigens

Front 23

Endemic

Back 23

disease stays in pop. At low frequency

Front 24

Epidemiologists

Back 24

tell you every aspect of how a disease came to be but have nothing to do w/ treatment.

(I'm just transcribing what he said in class! Don't judge me!!)

Front 25

Typhoid Mary

Back 25

chronic carrier of disease and she was getting everyone sick in the restaurant she worked at.

Front 26

Disease that existed for a long time but was recently discovered

Back 26

Lyme Disease

Front 27

Disease that always appears "new" but really it just mutates into new form

Back 27

Influenza

Front 28

Diseases that were thought to have crossed species boundary

Back 28

AIDS & Hanta Virus

Front 29

Types of bacteria that have a very slow growth and can therefore not follow _____'s Postulate

Back 29

Kosh

Myobacterium leprae (causes lepracy)
Treponemma palladium (syphillus)

Also, polymicrobial infectious can't be isolated to follow Kosh's Postulate

Front 30

Bacteria that has a survival stage where it can live intracellularly

Back 30

Chlamydiae

Front 31

2 Bacteria that have a survival stage where they live outside the host as a spore.

Back 31

Chlostridium (cause gangrene & tetanus)

Bascillus (causes anthrax)

Front 32

One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by ______ of their surface antigens.

Back 32

Variation

Front 33

One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by stimulating cytokine release and damaging host cells via the _____.

Back 33

LPS

Front 34

Epidemic

Back 34

sudden outbreak of a disease above typical level

Front 35

• Reservoirs

Back 35

Where disease is typically found

Front 36

• Inanimate

Back 36

Found primarily in inanimate habitats

Front 37

Animate

Back 37

Humans are effective reservoirs for many.

Front 38

Carriers

Back 38

infected but not obviously diseased

Front 39

Pandemic

Back 39

epidemic over wide area (may be entire world)

Front 40

1918 – 1919 influenza pandemic killed ___ million people worldwide

Back 40

20

Front 41

o Morbidity

Back 41

all reported cases of disease, illness + deaths

Front 42

Mortality

Back 42

reported deaths due to a disease.

Front 43

The most common route of infection

Back 43

Airborne

Front 44

Examples of Airborne Infections

Back 44

Common cold, influenza, tuberculosis

Front 45

Infections carried by bugs are known as...

Back 45

Arthropod Borne

Front 46

Arthropod Borne infection example

Back 46

Typhus Fever
Rickettsia prowazekii
transmitted by body lice.

Front 47

STDs are an example of ______ ______ route of transmission

Back 47

Direct Contact

Front 48

An example of a water borne disease

Back 48

V. Cholera

Front 49

Two ways to transmit a disease with Food/Water Borne routes of transmission

Back 49

Intoxication & Ingestion

Front 50

Botulism type of food poisoning

Back 50

bacteria grown in food forms toxin & cooking kills bacteria but not the toxin.

Front 51

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Back 51

has a heat stable enterotoxin that is often transmitted by food handlers

Front 52

Which is faster during Food/Water Borne Disease Transmission? Intoxication OR Ingestion

Back 52

Intoxication

Front 53

4 Food/Water Borne BUGS that grow in GI when ingested...

Back 53

Salmonella
E. coli
Campylobacter
Shigellosis

Front 54

____ blood pressure and ____ result in Shock.

Back 54

low; fever

Front 55

Cytokine that causes fever by stimulating prostaglandin release in hypothalamus which contributes to hypotension in shock.

Back 55

IL-1

Front 56

Cytokine that contributes to fever, hypotension, hemorrhages in organs, increased breathing & HR.

Back 56

TNF

Front 57

A bacteria can cause a disease via two mechanisms _____ & producing _____.

Back 57

Invasion; toxins

Front 58

Highly Invasive & Examples (2)

Back 58

Little or no toxins

Shigella strains
Myobacterium tuberculosis

Front 59

Minimal Invasion & Examples (2)

Back 59

potent toxin

Corynebacterium diptheriae
Clostridium tetani

Front 60

No Invasion & Examples (2)

Back 60

Highly toxic; food borne toxin

Clostridium botulinum
Staphylococcus aureus

Front 61

When a bacteria infects a host and is a very invasive species there are three requirements... what are these?

Back 61

1. Attachment
2. Obtaining Nutrients
3. Avoiding Host Defenses

Front 62

Invasive bacteria attach to host via ______ that act as adhesion, ______ (short appendages), _____ (longer appendages that are more specific).

Back 62

proteins, fimbriae, pili

Front 63

Critical nutrient and often a limiting factor for invasive bacteria

Back 63

Iron

Front 64

Siderophores

Back 64

Iron-binding protein that makes it easier to invade cell b/c it can steal your iron

Front 65

Two examples of HOST-iron-binding proteins that transfer iron from the circulation to the liver during infections

Back 65

transferrin & lactoferrin

Front 66

These two bacteria avoid host defenses by having rapid antigenic change

Back 66

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Borrelia spp.

Front 67

This bacteria avoids host defenses by precipitating Antibodies

Back 67

Staphylococcus aureus - protein A

Front 68

This bacteria attacks phagocytic cells with leukocidins

Back 68

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 69

These 2 Bacteria can survive within phagocytic cells because they do not fuse with the lysosome

Back 69

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Salmonella typhi (lives inside of the lysosome)

Front 70

This bacteria has an antiphagocytic capsule that resists fusion w/ the phagocyte

Back 70

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 71

These 2 bacteria are highly toxic and typically food borne pathogens

Back 71

Clostridium botulinum

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 72

Exotoxin

Back 72

proteins produced & secreted by bacterial cell that are highly toxic, non-pyrogenic & highly immunogenic

Front 73

highly toxic, non-pyrogenic & highly immunogenic

Back 73

Exotoxin

Front 74

Enterotoxin

Back 74

entry is required for this toxin to cause damage

Front 75

A-B type

Back 75

Dimeric toxin (enterotoxin) which has a B part for binding and an A part for toxin activity.

Front 76

Examples of A-B type bacteria

Back 76

C. diptheria toxin - A part inhibits protein synthesis of the cell and causes cell death

V. cholera - waterbone and interrupts protein syn.

Front 77

Neurotoxins

Back 77

affect normal nerve function by messing up the synapse

Front 78

2 Examples of neurotoxic bacteria

Back 78

C. tetani - Inhibitory NT release is blocked so you get continuous stim. just like in "locked jaw"

C. botulinum - blocks release of NT so it makes wrinkles relax

Front 79

Cytolytic toxin

Back 79

attacks cell membrane surfaces

Front 80

Example of a cytolytic toxic bacteria

Back 80

Staphylococcus aureus - alphatoxin that causes cell membranes to be leaky causing electrolytes and water to flow out due to increased cAMP levels.

Front 81

Endotoxin

Back 81

part of structure of organism just like gram negative outermembrane (LPS)

Front 82

Weakly toxic, pyrogenic, weakly immunogenic

Back 82

Endotoxin

Front 83

______ type of toxin are released after microbes die

Back 83

Endotoxins

Front 84

Types of bacteria with G-lipopolysaccharides (3)

Back 84

Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella

Front 85

Super Antigens

Back 85

activate multiple T-cells so is not just one pathogenic response.

Front 86

Immunocompromised individuals have low _____50

Back 86

ID

Front 87

Koch's Postulate

Back 87

1. Observation – notice signs & symptoms of disease
2. Isolation – Isolate the organism into a pure culture
3. Re-infect – give the isolated organism to another person
4. Re-observation & Re-isolation

Front 88

Can't use Koch's postulate for...

Back 88

Myobacterium leprae (lepracy); Treponemma pallidum (syphillus), polymicrobial infections

Front 89

Example of an Opportunistic Infection Bacteria

Back 89

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Front 90

Infectious Dose (50)

Back 90

We all take pathogen and half of us get sick; the lower the number the more infectious the pathogen.

Front 91

Lethal Dose (50)

Back 91

Number of microbes to kill half of the population that came down with the disease; the lower the number, the more lethal the pathogen

Front 92

Nocosomial Infections

Back 92

associated w old age, weakened immune system or hospitalization. When there are breakdown of physical barriers like burns, catheters & surgery, its easier for these antibiotic resistant bacteria to come in. One infection can lead to 14 extra days in the hospital. Chemotherapy influces the antiinflamatory response making it more likely to get an infection

Front 93

small pox is associate with what bacteria?

Back 93

Bacillus anthracis

Front 94

What are the bacteria that typically cause Nocosomial Infections?

Back 94

E. Coli, Pseudomonas aurginosa for UTI

Staph aureus, Steptococcus sp common in surgical infections (E. Coli & Pseudomonas too)

Front 95

Which is the main bacteria that causes stomach ulcers? (HINT: Scientist ate it to prove it causes stomach ulcers)

Back 95

Helicobacter pylori

Front 96

Flesh-eating bacteria

Back 96

Streptococcus pyrogenes

Front 97

MRSA

Back 97

methicillin resistant staph aureus

Front 98

Tetanus is caused by...

Back 98

Clostridium tetam

Front 99

2 bacteria that cause intestinal diseases

Back 99

Salmonella, Camphylobacter

Front 100

Tuberculosis is caused by...

Back 100

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 101

Which disease was completely eradicated via vaccination? Which one was almost completely removed?

Back 101

small pox, polio

Front 102

Lysogenic phase

Back 102

virus does not kill the host. It lives within the host.

Front 103

Transgenic organisms

Back 103

recombinant plants & animals altered by addition of genes from other organisms

Front 104

Xenotransplant

Back 104

grow animal tissues in different animals

Front 105

3 Natural ways to insert genes into cells

Back 105

transformation; transduction; conjugation

Front 106

3 artificial ways to insert genes into cells

Back 106

electroporation; protoplast fusion; injection

Front 107

Electrophoreisis

Back 107

involves separating molecules based on electrical charge, size & shape. It allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest.

Front 108

___ & ____ are vectors that can carry larger genes than plasmids.

Back 108

viruses & transposons

Front 109

Donor gives recipient DNA via pili in a plasmid form and can spread resistance this way... what is this process called?

Back 109

Conjugation

Front 110

Transduction

Back 110

when virus gives DNA to host

Front 111

Transformation

Back 111

one cell picks up DNA from environment.

Front 112

Ames Test

Back 112

uses bacterial genetics to screen for cancer causing substances (carcinogens)

Front 113

____ Media has Agar in it.

Back 113

Solid

Front 114

___ Media selects one group to grow.

Back 114

Selective

Front 115

____ media has 2+ organisms grow together but with different colors.

Back 115

Differential

Front 116

Fastidious Organisms

Back 116

cannot grow in a typical media. Are high maintenance and need more specific nutrients.

Front 117

two selective & differential medias

Back 117

McConkey Agar & EMB

Front 118

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 118

can maintain life via fermentation OR aerobic but prefer aerobic.

Front 119

• Aerotolerant anaerobes

Back 119

do not use aerobic metabolism but have some enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonous forms

Front 120

• Microaerophiles

Back 120

require O2 levels from 2-10% and have ability to detoxify H2O2 and superoxide radicals.

Front 121

In bacteria generation time lag time is....

Back 121

the time it takes for the bacteria to synthesize the right enzymes for the available energy/ carbon/e- source

Front 122

In bacteria generation time log time is....

Back 122

exponential growth where the bacteria reaches maximum rate. Can take as little as 20 minutes

Front 123

In bacterial generation time, the stationary phase is

Back 123

plateau where net growth remains the same b/c resources are scarce

Front 124

In bacterial generation time, the death phase

Back 124

more cells are dying than being made

Front 125

Growth rate of bacteria can be measured with

Back 125

a spectrophotometer which checks the absorption/optical density

Front 126

Anoxygenic photoautotrophs

Back 126

do not produce oxygen

Front 127

Oxygenic photoautotrophs & Examples

Back 127

produce O2 during photosynthesis

Algae, green plants, blue green bacteria

Front 128

Carbohydrates can obtain starting materials from.....

Back 128

GLYCOLOSIS

Front 129

Proteins can obtain starting materials from both ______ AND _______

Back 129

GLYCOLYSIS; KREB’S CYCLE

Front 130

Fatty Acids can only obtain starting materials from ______ (where the fat part comes from) and ________ (where the glycerol part comes from).

Back 130

ACETYL CoA; GLYCOLOSIS

Front 131

Nucleotides can only obtain starting materials from .....

Back 131

GLYCOLYSIS

Front 132

______ are oxygenic bacteria that are thought to have changed the earth from anerobic to aerobic.

Back 132

Cyanobacteria

Front 133

In ETC, NADH gives e- to ____ ________ (enzyme) and oxidizes it to _____. After that, it goes through a series of chain rxns that oxidize & reduce components creating a _____motiforce with increasing concentration of H+ ions on the outside of the membrane. This force creates _____.

Back 133

NADH Dehydrogenase; NAD; proton; ATP

Front 134

____ is a chemical that blocks the flow of e- in the ETC.

Back 134

Cyanide

Front 135

Acetyl CoA is synthesized with the enzyme ____________.

Back 135

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 136

Gram + stain color:
Gram - stain color:

Back 136

Purple; Pink

Front 137

Peptidoglycan content for
Gram + & Gram -
High or Low?

Back 137

Gram + : High
Gram - : Low

Front 138

Outermembrate Absent/Present
Gram +:
Gram -:

Back 138

Gram +: Absent
Gram - : Present

Front 139

Liopolysaccharide Absent/Present
Gram +:
Gram -:

Back 139

Gram +: Absent
Gram - : Present

Front 140

Teichoic Acid Absent/Present
Gram +
Gram -

Back 140

Gram +: Present
Gram - : Absent

Front 141

Sensitivity to Lysozyme High/Low
Gram +:
Gram -:

Back 141

Gram +: High
Gram - : Low

Front 142

Entry of Penicillin G, Easy/Difficult
Gram+:
Gram -:

Back 142

Gram+: Easy
Gram -: Difficult

Front 143

Sensitivity to complement, Low/High
Gram+:
Gram -:

Back 143

Gram +: Low
Gram - : High

Front 144

Bacteria that has a specific pili that attaches to human genitalia to cause infection.

Back 144

Gonorrhea

Front 145

Cocci, Gram +, Cluster

Back 145

Staph

Front 146

Cocci, Gram +, Chain

Back 146

Strep

Front 147

Cocci, Gram -

Back 147

Gonorrhea

Front 148

Bacilli, Gram +

Back 148

Anthrax, Chlostridium

Front 149

Bacilli, Gram -

Back 149

E. Coli, Salmonela

Front 150

Vibrio

Back 150

Cholera

Front 151

Spirochete

Back 151

Syphilis

Front 152

Peptidoglycan is made of ____ & ____ layers.

Back 152

NAM & NAG

Front 153

Gram + has (many/few) layers of peptidoglycan & _____ acid.

Back 153

many; techoic

Front 154

Gram negative has (many/few) layers of peptidoglycan & _____ membrane with porins in it.

Back 154

few; outer

Front 155

Periplasmic space is found in Gram _(+/-)_

Back 155

negative

Front 156

LPS is found on Gram +/- ?

Back 156

negative

Front 157

How to do a Gram +/- Stain?

Back 157

1. Primary Stain (crystal violet)
2. Mordant (Iodine) that makes color stick better
3. Decolorize with ROH (only some cells get decolorized)
4. Counter/Secondary Stain with Safron (to color those who are gram negative & lost their color)

Front 158

Acid Fast staining are for...

Back 158

mycobacterium that have waxy coats and don't pick up gram staining

Front 159

Simple stain

Back 159

one color over it and wash it. Stain has opposite charge to surface of cells and binds to cell.

Front 160

Differential Stain

Back 160

Medically Important, colors one part one color and another part another color.

Front 161

Negative Stain

Back 161

Stain doesn’t bind to cell it binds to the background. Stain has same charge as cell so it attaches to bg.

Front 162

TEM

Back 162

electron microscope that shows cross section of cell

Front 163

SEM

Back 163

electron microscope that shows details of cell