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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atoms and ratio in carbohydrates
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1
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The most biologically relevant building blocks of carbohydrates are those containing how many carbon surgars (monosaccharaides)?
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4,5,6, and 7
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bonds between monosaccharides that make up carbs?
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glycosidic bonds
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What type of monosaccharide is glucose? ribose? ribulose?
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glucose = hexose aldose
ribose = pentose aldose ribulose = pentose ketose |
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Similarity between starch and glycogen? Difference between starch and glycogen?
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Starch and glycogen have a 1-4 glyco-bond
Glycogen has a 1-6 branch |
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Polysaccharides with repeating structure composed of glucose units linked between carbons 1 and 4 in the alpha orientation (example, glycogen and starch) function as ?
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important carbon and energy reserves in bacteria, plants and animals
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glucose units joined by beta-1,4 linkages are present in ?
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cellulose, a stiff plant and algal cell wall component.
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What composes nucleic acids?
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5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
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5-carbon sugar + base =?
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nucleoside
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5-carbon sugar + base + phosphate =?
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nucleotide
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Where is the phosphate group attached on the ring?
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To the highest prime carbon (5-prime)
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Another name for a nucleotide?
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nucleoside phosphate
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What carbon does the base attach to?
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1-prime carbon
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The bond that links nitrogen to the #1 carbon is a__________?
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N-Glycosidic linkage
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Is ATP a nucleotide?
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No. It is a nucleoside triphosphate. NucleoTIDEs are only nucleoside monophosphates
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pyrimidines?
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single 6-membered ring.
cytosine uracil thymine |
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purines?
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two fused heterocyclic rings.
Adenine Guanine |
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Polynucleotides contain nucleotides covalently bonded via phosphate from ____________ of one sugar to ____________of the adjacent sugar
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-Carbon 3 (3 prime)
-carbon 5 (5 prime) |
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Presence of OH on ________ of the sugar differntiates DNA from RNA
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2’ carbon
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The bonds between amino acids are called?
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peptide bonds
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In most biological systems, the predominate isomers are
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- L-Amino Acids
- D-Sugars |
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Exception to the L-Amino acids in biological systems rule?
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Bacterial cell walls have D-amino acids
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Function of racemases?
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convert one enantiomer to another form
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The bonding of the primary structure of proteins is?
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covalent
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The bonding of the secondary structure of proteins is?
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hydrogen bonding
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The bonding of the tertiary structure of proteins is?
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weak interactions and di-sulfide bridges
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The position of ________ on individual amino acids in a polypeptide forces the molecule to twist and fold in a specific way. This leads to the formation of the secondary structure
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the R-groups
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In the alpha-helix conformation, ________ and ________ atoms from different amino acids become positioned close enough in the twisted structure to allow for hydrogen bonding to occur
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-oxygen
-nitrogen |
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Where does the hydrogen bond occur in the alpha helix of secondary protein structure?
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H bond is between carbonyl Oxygen and an H of the NH2
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_________is a helix-breaking residue. Why?
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Proline is helix-breaking residue: cyclical structure, cannot participate as donar in H bonding
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The only possible covalent bond in tertiary structure is ______
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the disulfide bridge
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Sickle cell has the substitution of a ______ for a _______ acid at the 6 position in the beta chain
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-Valine
-Glutamic |
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Because _______ lacks a free amino group, it is called an ________ rather than an amino acid
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-proline
-imino |
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The lipids of archaea are made of?
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Phytane
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_________adds water back across the triacylglyceride bonds to hydrolyze them and releases 3 mol fatty acid and triglycerol
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Lipase
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