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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Atoms and ratio in carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1
The most biologically relevant building blocks of carbohydrates are those containing how many carbon surgars (monosaccharaides)?
4,5,6, and 7
bonds between monosaccharides that make up carbs?
glycosidic bonds
What type of monosaccharide is glucose? ribose? ribulose?
glucose = hexose aldose

ribose = pentose aldose

ribulose = pentose ketose
Similarity between starch and glycogen? Difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch and glycogen have a 1-4 glyco-bond

Glycogen has a 1-6 branch
Polysaccharides with repeating structure composed of glucose units linked between carbons 1 and 4 in the alpha orientation (example, glycogen and starch) function as ?
important carbon and energy reserves in bacteria, plants and animals
glucose units joined by beta-1,4 linkages are present in ?
cellulose, a stiff plant and algal cell wall component.
What composes nucleic acids?
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
5-carbon sugar + base =?
nucleoside
5-carbon sugar + base + phosphate =?
nucleotide
Where is the phosphate group attached on the ring?
To the highest prime carbon (5-prime)
Another name for a nucleotide?
nucleoside phosphate
What carbon does the base attach to?
1-prime carbon
The bond that links nitrogen to the #1 carbon is a__________?
N-Glycosidic linkage
Is ATP a nucleotide?
No. It is a nucleoside triphosphate. NucleoTIDEs are only nucleoside monophosphates
pyrimidines?
single 6-membered ring.
cytosine
uracil
thymine
purines?
two fused heterocyclic rings.
Adenine
Guanine
Polynucleotides contain nucleotides covalently bonded via phosphate from ____________ of one sugar to ____________of the adjacent sugar
-Carbon 3 (3 prime)
-carbon 5 (5 prime)
Presence of OH on ________ of the sugar differntiates DNA from RNA
2’ carbon
The bonds between amino acids are called?
peptide bonds
In most biological systems, the predominate isomers are
- L-Amino Acids
- D-Sugars
Exception to the L-Amino acids in biological systems rule?
Bacterial cell walls have D-amino acids
Function of racemases?
convert one enantiomer to another form
The bonding of the primary structure of proteins is?
covalent
The bonding of the secondary structure of proteins is?
hydrogen bonding
The bonding of the tertiary structure of proteins is?
weak interactions and di-sulfide bridges
The position of ________ on individual amino acids in a polypeptide forces the molecule to twist and fold in a specific way. This leads to the formation of the secondary structure
the R-groups
In the alpha-helix conformation, ________ and ________ atoms from different amino acids become positioned close enough in the twisted structure to allow for hydrogen bonding to occur
-oxygen
-nitrogen
Where does the hydrogen bond occur in the alpha helix of secondary protein structure?
H bond is between carbonyl Oxygen and an H of the NH2
_________is a helix-breaking residue. Why?
Proline is helix-breaking residue: cyclical structure, cannot participate as donar in H bonding
The only possible covalent bond in tertiary structure is ______
the disulfide bridge
Sickle cell has the substitution of a ______ for a _______ acid at the 6 position in the beta chain
-Valine
-Glutamic
Because _______ lacks a free amino group, it is called an ________ rather than an amino acid
-proline
-imino
The lipids of archaea are made of?
Phytane
_________adds water back across the triacylglyceride bonds to hydrolyze them and releases 3 mol fatty acid and triglycerol
Lipase