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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does a vaccine contain?
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weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
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When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
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Memory cytotoxic T cells
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What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
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An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
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Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
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Attenuated live vaccine
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What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
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These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
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The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
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Inactivated killed vaccine.
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What is the function of boosters?
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Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity
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The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
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Subunit vaccine
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BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
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attenuated whole agent vaccine
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To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
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toxoid vaccine
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Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
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attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent
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Which of the following best describes vaccination?
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An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
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They are usually safer than other types of vaccines
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What is an adjuvant?
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a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
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I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?
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False-positives will be rare, but false-negatives may happen frequently.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful?
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They are always highly sensitive
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What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
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to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens
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Which of the following statments about measles is FALSE?
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The disease has been eradicated in the United States
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents?
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They occasionally revert to virulent forms
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Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies?
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indirect ELISA
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Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test
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antigen
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Hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n)
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inactivated whole-agent vaccine.
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Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)
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conjugated vaccine
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Live polio virus can be used in a(n)
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attenuated whole-agent vaccine.
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Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they
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are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
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Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n)
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toxoid vaccine.
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A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)
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B cell with a myeloma cell.
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A vaccine against HIV proteins made by vaccinia virus is a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva?
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precipitation reaction
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Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera?
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direct agglutination reaction
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Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres?
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indirect agglutination reaction
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What type of vaccine is the live measles virus?
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attenuated whole-agent vaccine
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Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n)
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subunit vaccine.
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What type of vaccine involves host synthesis of viral antigens?
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nucleic acid vaccine
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Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)
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antibody response against these bacterial toxins.
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A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n)
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nucleic acid vaccine.
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An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test
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detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results.
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A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE
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The patient was near someone who had the disease.
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Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.
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detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
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Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
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to detect a specific protein in a mixture
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