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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of agonist/antagonist is flumazenil?
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Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist
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What kind of agonist/antagonist is Bicuculine
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Competitive GABAa receptor antagonist
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What kind of agonist/antagonist is Picrotoxin?
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Non-competetive GABAa receptor antagonist
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What is the most abundant NT in the brain?
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Glutamate
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What receptor does caffeine act at? Is it an agonist/antagonist at this receptor?
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Antagonist at adenosine2 receptors
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What did Wendell Stanley do?
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crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus
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Who is Erwin Shrodinger?
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shrodinger equation --> quantum mechanics
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Who is Max Delbruck?
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Discovered that genes are molecules
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Who is oswald avery?
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Proved DNA carries genetic information
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Who is Alfred Hershey?
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Hershey chase experiment, proves nucleic acid is genetic information and not protein
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Who is Linus Pauling?
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was in the race for the alpha-helix, lost to watson and crick
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Who is Robert oppenheimer?
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head of the development of the atomic bomb
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Who is Edward Tolman?
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Was fired from UC berkeley because he refused to sign the loyalty oath
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What two ligands does the NMDA receptor bind?
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Glycine and glutamate
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What are ionotropic receptors?
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They are fast acting - ligand binds to the active site
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What is the determining factor in the NMDA glutamate receptor?
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Glutamate
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What is PCP and what does it do?
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Phenycyclidine, it puts individuals into a dissociative state where they become unaware of their body. Hallucinations occur for a few days after use
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What is similar to PCP without the hallucinogenic side effects?
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Ketamine
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What kind of agonist/antagonist is PCP?
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non-competitive antagonist for the NMDA receptor
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What is excitotoxicity?
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If glutamate receptors are over stimulated, there will be an excessive amount of calcium influx resulting in increased sodium, influx of water, and the eventual swelling and lysing of the cell
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What does Excitatory Amino acid transporter do? What does it require to do its job?
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Removes glutamate from synaptic cleft. Requires ATP to power the sodium gradient for the removal of glutamate
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What happens in a stroke/anoxia?
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Decreased ATP production due to lack of oxygen results in the slowing down of the Na/K pumps. This causes the cell to not be able to hold a potential causing rapid depolarization resulting in a cell that no longer works
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What enzyme do we use to convert glutamate to glutamine?
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glutamine synthethase
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What enzyme do we use to convert glutamine to glutamate?
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glutaminase
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What enzyme is required for glutamate to be converted to GABA?
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Glutamic acid decarboxylase
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What does Gs coupling do?
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Increases cAMP
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What does Gi coupling do?
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decreases cAMP
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What are three symptoms of caffeine withdrawal?
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-Headache
-sleepiness -irritability |
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What does an inverse agonist do?
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Does the opposite of what an agonist does
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What are beta-carbolines?
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Inverse agonists at benzodiazepine site
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Is the GABAa receptor ionotropic or metabotropic?
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ionotropic
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Is the GABAb receptor ionotropic or metabotropic?
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metabotropic
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What is the therapeutic index of a drug?
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Ratio of lethal dose over therapeutic dose
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Does a larger TI mean a drug is safer or more dangerous?
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safer
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A good TI is on the order of..?
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100-1000s
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When was the Whiskey Tax and Whiskey rebellion?
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1791 and 1794 respectively
-This was the very first drug law |
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When was the Harrison Narcotics act?
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1914
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When was the controlled substances act?
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1970
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What enzyme converts choline and acetate to acetylcholine?
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choline acetyl transferase
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What is EBOB?
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a non-competetive antagonist at GABA a receptor
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What is EC50?
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Effective concentration needed for 50% of the population to feel an effect
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What is IC50?
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the concentration needed to dissociate 50% of a certain ligand from it's receptor
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What kind of agonist/antagonist is muscimol?
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GABAa receptor agonist
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What converts Ibotenic acid to muscimol?
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Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
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What is the primary psychoactive substanc ein betel nut?
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arecoline
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What kind of an agonist/antagonist is arecoline?
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arecoline is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, crosses BBB
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Is the nicotinic acetyl choline receptor ionotropic or metabotropic?
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ionotropic
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What are the 3 chemicals in the lethal injection cocktail?
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Thiopental-knocks person out
Pancuronium- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist - paralyzes all muscle movement including breathing Potassium chloride- causes heart to stop beating |
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What is physostigmine?
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acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
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What is pyridostigmine?
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acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, used in myasthenia gravis. Allows more acetylcholine to hang around longer in synapse to counteract the effects of myasthenia gravis
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What are organophosphates? What reverses this?
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, they bind to the acetylcholine esterase and forms a covalent bond.
This is reversed by praladoxime and atropine |
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How does cocaine do?
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Blocks the presynaptic reuptake transporters for norepinephrine and dopamine
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What is slud?
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salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation
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What are the extrapyramidal side effects pseudoparkinsonis and akathisa?
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pseudoparkinsonis - parkinson like
akathisa- feel uncomfortable in your own body |
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What do people use monoamineoxidase inhibitors for?
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antidepressant
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What is a major side effect of MAOIs?
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tyramine reaction, increases heart rate, body temperature
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How do anti depressants work?
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inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
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What ion is associated with capsaisin?
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calcium
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What temperatures are capsaicin receptor TRPv1 activated by?
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43-50, opens up calcium channels
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What temperuatres are TRPv2 activated by?
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temperatures grater than 50, not capsaicin
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What does CMR1 respond to?
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cold and menthol
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How does trpA1 work?
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focuses on isothiocyanates, pungent chemicals from plants in mustard family (horseradish, mustard etc..)
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What is sanshool?
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-activated by D hairs and A delta fibers
-no effect on pain receptor -numbing sensation |
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What is reserpine?
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Snake root, it blocks VMAT- vesicular monoamine transporter which results in the depletion of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
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Dopamine D1 receptors- Gs/Gi? open/close K channels? excitatory/inhibitory?
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Gs, closes K channels, excitatory
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Dopamine D2 receptors- Gs/Gi? Open/close K channels? Excitatory/inhibitory?
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Gi, opens K channels, inhibitory
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