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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carl Rabl
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each chromosomes occupies a territory, polytene chromosomes
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Path of FISH
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Mitotic - Imobilize - denature - ssprob (Nucleic Acid: marks 2 color * 2 parental) = 4 colors light up
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Lighting up Focus
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incorporate dNTPs
200-300 ori (since ~ 3000 ori = 100 dots > 100 foci) |
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Mismatch
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GATC, Colon Cancer
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Missense mutations cause
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sickle cell, phenyllketonuria
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frameshift mutations cause
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cystic fibrosis
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Deletion
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Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy (deletions of exons)
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Insertions
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Huntingtons, Fragile X (triplet repete expansion)
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Transpoons
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jumping genes. codes for DNA that gets inserted into DNA
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Specific mutations
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Targets a specific lesion. Photo-repair: repairs UV light damage (thymine dimer). Photolyase absorbs light & uses energy E to cleave dimer
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Nonspecific repair
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excision repair: region removed and replaced w/ DNA synthesis
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Duplications
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may or may to lead to consequences
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Inversions
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may or may to lead to consequences
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Translocations
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part broken off & attached to another = problems during meiosis = leukemia
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Nuclear Pore Complex
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9nm - 40 nm, cytoplasminc/nuclear ring: protein, recognition: cytoplasmic filament & Nuclear Basket
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Passive/Active diffusion on Nuclear Pore Complex
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Passive < 20 kDa, Active > 40 kDa
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Dan Kalderon
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Identified NLS
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NLS
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lysine, positively charged (basic)
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NES
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Leucine rich
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presequence
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lysine, positively charged (basic)
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Importin/Exportin E source
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GTP
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Mitochondria E source
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ATP
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Mitochondria
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13 proteins: ETC & Oxidative phosphorlytion. 2rRNA (12, 16), 22tRNA
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Mitochondria transport
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HSP 70, MPP
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RER E source
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GTP
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George Palde
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pulse-chase experiment
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Dobberstein & Blobel
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signal hypothesis
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Signal Recognition Particle
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RNA and Protein
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BIP
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chaperone in RER
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RER Modification
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disulfide bond, Glycoslation ( to asparagine asn, Dolichol, covalent), GPI Anchor (1 in 7, chemically modified phospholipids)
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Lysosomal Storage Disorders
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45 since 1 for each tool (40-50 tools)
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Icels Disesse
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can't add mannose-6 phosphate groups = no degrading
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Gaucher's Disease
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prevents the hydrolysis of glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide
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Actin
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5-10% of all protein, ~375 AA, 43 kPA, ~7nm
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- pointed end
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critical point is 6Xs higher, depolymerization favorved
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+ barbed end
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polymerization favored, happens 10xs faster
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Actin Bundle
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cross linking proteins: rigid, can be static by adding caps
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Microvilli
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Increase absorptive surface 10-20xs, + end facing outside cell, protein cap. - end embedded into terminal web
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Actin Network
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motor proteins
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Actin Contractile Elements
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flexible
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Myosin II
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Myosin + Actin = rigor conformation. ATP = releases Actin. Hydrolyze ATP = cocks head toward + end. ADP + P = looks for Actin. Binds to Actin = release P = power stroke, pulls toward + end. ADP flushed out
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Cell Crawling
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Extension of leading edge (no myosin), Attachment to substation, Translocation of cell body (contraction of Actin/ Myosin). Retraction of trailing edge
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Vesicle Movement
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Myosin 1 = single, shorter tails, near membrane, moves towards - end not +
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Muscle --> sacromere
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Muscle - bundle - muscle fiber - myofibril - sacromere
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Both myosin tails in m line
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pulls actin filaments towards M line - contracts sacromere
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sacromere contracts (what changes/ stays same)
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A band = same, I band = decreases, Actin/Myosin = same length, Actin moves towards M line, H zone disappears
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