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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wave frequency-velocity relation
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v=fλ
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Speed of light (in vacuum)
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3x10^8 m/s
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Wavelengths of visible light
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400 nm (violet) - 700 nm (red)
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Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium
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Index of refraction (n)
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Index of refraction formula
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n=c/v
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Approximate index of refraction for air, water, glass
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air = 1
glass = 1.5 water = 1.3 |
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Angle of incidence =
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Angle of reflection
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Snell's Law
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n1 * sin θ1 = n2 * sin θ2
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How is the speed of light affected as the index of refraction increases?
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Slower
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How is the angle of refraction affected as the index of refraction increases?
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Bent more toward the normal
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When light moves into a new medium, how is the frequency affected?
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Frequency remains the same.
Velocity and wavelength may change. |
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How are various frequencies of light affected by a medium?
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Lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) of light move faster through a medium, thus there is less refraction.
Higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) of light move slower through a medium and thus there is more refraction |
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How does light bend when moving into a medium with a higher index of refraction (n2>n1)?
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Toward the normal (θ2<θ1)
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How does light bend when moving into a medium with a lower index of refraction (n2<n1)?
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Away from the normal (θ2>θ1)
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Total internal reflection
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When light hits the boundary between two media and all the light is reflected back into the original material. This occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
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Critical angle
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The angle at which light hitting the boundary between two media is completely reflected back into the original media.
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Critical angle (formula)
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sin θc = n2/n1
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Energy of a single photon
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E = h * f
where h is Planck's constant = 6.63 × 10^-34 J*s |
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How does a change in frequency impact the intensity of the photons?
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If the frequency is doubled, the amount of photons hitting the surface is also doubled, increasing the intensity by a factor of 4
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Diffraction
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When a wave moves through a small opening, the wave bends around the corners of the opening.
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When is diffraction most significant?
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When the opening that the light passes through is near the size of the wavelength or smaller.
As the opening gets smaller and the wavelength gets larger, the bending of the light gets more significant |
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Concave mirror
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Center of mirror is further from observer than edges.
Produces a positive, real, inverted image. Unless the object is within the focal point, then it creates a negative, virtual, upright image. |
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Convex mirror
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Center of mirror is closer to observer than edges.
Produces a negative, virtual, upright image. |
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Concave (diverging) lens
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Center of lens is further from observer than edges.
Produces a negative, virtual, upright image. |
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Convex (converging) lens
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Center of lens is closer to observer than edges.
Produces a positive, real, inverted image. Unless the object is within the pseudo focal point, then it creates a negative, virtual, upright image. |
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Focal length of a spherical mirror (f_mirror)
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f = 1/2 * r
Where r is the radius of curvature of the mirror |
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Power of a lens (P)
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P = 1/f
measured in 1/m |
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Lateral magnification (m)
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m = - (d_i/d_o) = (h_i/h_o)
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Thin lens equation
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1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i
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Sign convention (d_o)
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+ when object is in front of mirror
+ when object is opposite observer for lens - when object is behind mirror - when object is on same side as observer for lens |
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Sign convention (d_i)
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+ when image is in front of mirror
+ when image is opposite observer for lens - when image is behind mirror |
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Sign convention (m)
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+ when image is upright
- when image is inverted |
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Sign convention (f)
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+ when focal point is in front of mirror/lens
- when focal point is behind of mirror/lens |
