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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
saponification
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cleaving of TG's with NaOH
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mlclr structure of fatty acids:
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carbon chain with carboxylic acid
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***FA's enter into glycolysis
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two carbons at a time***
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AA's used by the human body are called
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alpha-AA's
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if the AA contains CA in full, it's acidic
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if it contains NH2, it's basic
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isoelectric point, pI
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the more acidic the R-group, the lower the pI;
follows pH |
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glucose is called an aldose,
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because of the aldehyde that is contains (in open-chain form)
also known as aldohexose fructose is called a ketose |
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anomeric carbon
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only carbon in the ring form that's attached to both Oxygens
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a six-membered ring is also called a
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pyranose
and five-membered, a furanose |
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sucrose
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alpha, glucose + fructose
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maltose
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alpha, glucose x2
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lactose
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Beta, galactose + glucose
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amylose/starch
cellulose |
alpha linkage, chain of glucose mlcls
Beta, chain of glucose |
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starch
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alpha, glucose mlcls
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electron shielding ==>
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protons within the same cmpd absorbing EM energy at Different field strengths
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nmr spectrum =
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graph of the magnetic field strengths absorbed by the hydrogens of a specific cmpd at a single frequency
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each NMR peak represents
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chemically-equivalent hydrogens
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splitting of peaks is created by
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neighboring H's that are NOT equivalent
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area under the peaks ~
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number of equivalent H's
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nmr: EWG on a compound =>
(electrons shield) |
H's less shilded =>
more downfield |
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nmr: EDG on a compound =>
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H's more shielded =>
more upfield |
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for C-nmr,
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ignore splitting
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fingerprint region of IR spec.:
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600-1400 cm- region
identifies a compound uniquely |
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IR:
atoms with greater mass ~ |
lower frequencies
double and triple bonds ~ higher frequencies |
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UV spectrum
spectrometry |
20-400 nm range
detects conjugated double bonds (double bonds separated by a single bond: C=C-C=C) |
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UV spec. trend
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30 to 40 nm increase for each additional conjugated double bond
5 nm increase for each additional alkyl group |
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carbonyls also absorb light in
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the UV region
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if a cmpd has 8 or more double bonds, its absorbance moves into
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the visible spectrum
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mass spec.
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parent peak all the way to the right, made up of mlcls that didn't fragment
all peaks are assigned abundances as percentages of the base peak |
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mass spec:
the radius of curvature depends on the |
mass-to-charge ratio of the ion
most of the ions have a charge of +1 |
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chromatography =
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separation
more polar = greater affinity for the surface = moves more slowly |
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column chromatography
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solution with mixture dripped in to tube
things separate inside, drip out individually collect each individually - more polar = moves slowest = comes out last |
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paper chromatography
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Rf factor: distance components have traveled / distance solvent has traveled
- for nonpolar, Rf closer to 1 - for polar components, Rf closer to 0 |
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thin-layer chromatography
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~ to paper chromatography, except glass or plastic is used, and iodine chamber
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Distillation
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separation by slow heating
soln's components need to have at least 20 degree C difference in BP component with the lower BP (and thus higher vapor pressure) will boil off and be captured then condensed in a cool tube |
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azeotrope is a soln that has a LOWER
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BP than either of its components individually
distillation will have no effect on it - that is, the vapor will be made up of the components in the same ratios a 95% ethanol - water soln will be 95% ethanol-water vapor |
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crystallization
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**pure substances form crystals more easily than impure ones**
but crystallization is a **very inefficient method of separation** an exothermic process |
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extraction
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***like dissolves like***
so polar dissolves polar, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar |
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3 steps of extraction:
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1. add SA
2. add WB 3. add SB |